Skip to main content
Log in

The effectiveness of corporate communicative responses to accusations of unethical behavior

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

When corporations are accused of unethical behaviour by external actors, executives from those organizations are usually compelled to offer communicative responses to defend their corporate image. To demonstrate the effect that corporate executives' communicative responses have on third parties' perception of corporate image, we present the Corporate Communicative Response Model in this paper. Of the five potential communicative responses contained in this model (no response, denial, excuse, justification, and concession), results from our empirical test demonstrate that a concession is the most effective and robust communicative option.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackerman, R. W.: 1973, ‘How Companies Respond to Social Demands’,Harvard Business Review 51 (July–Aug.), 88–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrington, C. B. Jr. and R. N. Sawaya: 1984, ‘Managing Public affairs: Issues Management in an Uncertain Environment’,California Management Review 26 (Summer), 148–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, E.: 1992, ‘An Open Letter to Sears Customers’,The Wall Street Journal (June 25), p. C22.

  • Buono, A. F. and L. Nichols: 1985,Corporate Policy, Values and Social Responsibility (Praeger, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttny, R.: 1985, ‘Accounts as a Reconstruction of an Event's Context’,Communication Monographs 52 (March), 55–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B.: 1979, ‘A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance’,Academy of Management Review 4 (Oct.), 497–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheney, G. and S. L. Vibbert: 1987, ‘Corporate Discourse: Public Relations and Issues Management’, in F. M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts and L. W. Porter, eds.,Handbook of Organizational Communication (Sage Publications, Newbury, CA), pp. 165–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T.: 1962, ‘The Dangerous Compromise: The Corporate Image’,Public Relations Journal 18 (April), 28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darby, B. W. and B. R. Schlenker: 1982, ‘Children's Reactions to Apologies’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43, 742–753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkes, V. S.: 1988, ‘Recent Attribution Research in Consumer Behavior: A Review and New Directions’,Journal of Consumer Research 14 (March), 548–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, W. C., K. Davis and J. E. Post: 1988,Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, D. E.: 1987, ‘The Effectiveness of Marketing Policy Boycotts: Environmental Opposition to Marketing’,Journal of Marketing 51 (April), 46–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, D. E., J. L. Bradford, R. A. Meyers and J. Becker: 1989, ‘Issues Management and Organizational Accounts: An Analysis of Corporate Responses to Accusations of Unethical Business Practice’,Journal of Business Ethics 8, 507–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, R. A., S. L. Payne and P. Rosenfeld: 1988, ‘Endorsement of Managers Following Accusations of Breaches in Confidentiality’,Journal of Business Ethics 7, 621–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E.: 1971,Relations in Public (Basic Books, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C., K. Smith and I. Ross: 1989, ‘Response To Consumer Service complaints: A Procedural Fairness Approach’, Presented at the AMA Summer Marketing Educator's Conference, Chicago, IL.

  • Hastie, R.: 1984, ‘Causes and Effects of Causal Attribution’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46, 44–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F.: 1958,The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (Wiley, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E. and R. E. Nisbett: 1971, ‘The Actor Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Cause of Behavior’, in E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, B. Weiner, eds.,Attribution: Perceiving The Causes of Behavior (General Learning Press, Morristown, New Jersey), pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H.: 1967, ‘Attribution Theory in Social Psychology’, Proceedings of theNebraska Symposium on Motivation (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska), pp. 192–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H.: 1973, ‘The Process of Causal Attribution’,American Psychologist 28, 107–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, G. R. and P. E. Murphy: 1993,Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road (Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, C. S.: 1985,Management of Values — Ethical Differences in Corporate Policy (Pittman, Marshfield, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, M. L., M. J. Cody and K. French: 1990, ‘Account Giving and the Attribution of Responsibility: Impressions of Traffic Offenders’, in M. J. Cody and M. L. McLaughlin, eds.,The Psychology of Tactical Communication (Multilingual Matter LTD, Philadelphia), pp. 244–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. G. Jr. 1981,Simultaneous Statistical Inference 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, F. W. and D. I. Avrunin: 1982, ‘Consumer Conduct in Product Liability Litigation’,Journal of Consumer Research 9 (June), 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E. and B. M. Enis: 1985,Marketing (Scott, Foresman and Company, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivia, T. A., R. L. Oliver and I. C. MacMillan: 1992, ‘A Catastrophe Model for Developing Service Satisfaction Strategies’,Journal of Marketing 56 (July), 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R. E. and D. P. Robin: 1989,A Convergence of Corporate America's Economic and Social Responsibilities (Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauerhaft, S. and C. Atkins: 1989,Image Wars (John Wiley & Sons, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R.: 1980, ‘Protecting The Self: Impression Management in Predicaments’, inImpression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity & Interpersonal Relations (Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA), pp. 124–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R. and B. W. Darby: 1981, ‘The Use of Apologies in Social Predicaments’,Social Psychology Quarterly 44, 271–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. C.: 1977, ‘Prevention of Accidental Poisoning Through Package and Label Design’,Journal of Consumer Research 2 (Sept.), 67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonbach, P.: 1980, ‘A Category System For Account Phases’,European Journal of Social Psychology 10, 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. B. and S. M. Lyman: 1968, ‘Accounts’,American Sociological Review 23, 46–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, S. P.: 1979, ‘A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Analysis of Social Issues and Evaluation of Business Response Patterns’,Academy of Management Review 4, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, S. P. and C. M. Falbe: 1987,Business and Society: Dimensions of Conflict and Cooperation (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. and R. L. Higgins: 1990, ‘Reality Negotiation and Excuse-Making: President Reagan's 4 March 1987 Iran Arms Scandal Speech and Other Literature’, in M. J. Cody and M. L. McLaughlin, eds.,The Psychology of Tactical Communication (Multilingual Matter LTD, Philadelphia), pp. 229–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, J. T. and M. Reiss: 1981, ‘Verbal Strategies in Impression Management’, inThe Psychology of Ordinary Explanations of Social Behavior (Academic Press, London), pp. 271–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B.: 1986,An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion (Springer-Verlag, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Worcester, R. M.: 1986, ‘Corporate Image Research’, in R. M. Worcester, M. Worcester and J. Downham, eds., Consumer Market Research Handbook, 3rd ed. (North Holland, New York), pp. 601–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeeman, E. C.: 1977,Catastrophe Theory: Selected Papers 1972–1977 (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Jeffrey L. Bradford is an Assistant Professor in the Marketing Department at Bowling Green State University. His primary research interests are in the areas of marketing ethics and public policy. His previous research has been published inJournal of Business Ethics, andJournal of Business Strategies.

Dennis E. Garrett is an Associate Professor in the Marketing Department at Marquette University. His primary research interests are in the areas of marketing ethics and consumer complaints. His previous research has been published inJournal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Business Ethics, Communication Monographs, andBusiness and Society Review. He is also a co-author ofMarketing Theory: Evolution and Evaluation (1988, John Wiley & Sons).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bradford, J.L., Garrett, D.E. The effectiveness of corporate communicative responses to accusations of unethical behavior. J Bus Ethics 14, 875–892 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00882067

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00882067

Keywords

Navigation