References
Argauer RJ (1969) Determination of residues of Banol and other carbamate pesticides after hydrolysis and chloracetelation. J Agric Food Chem 17:888–892
Cole LK, Metcalf RL, Sanborn JR (1976) Environmental fate of insecticides in terrestrial model ecosystems. I J Environ Stud 10:7–14
Fuhremann TW, Lichtenstein EP (1978) Release of soil-bound methyl parathion residues and their uptake by earthworms and oat plants. J Agric Food Chem 26:605–610
Gilman AP, Vardanis A (1974) Carbofuran. Comparative toxicity and metabolism in the wormLumbricus terrestris L andEisenia foetida S. J Agric Food Chem 22:625–628
Gorder GW, Dahm PA (1981) Analysis of carbofuran in soil samples. J Agric Food Chem 29:629–634
Gorder GW, Dahm PA, Tollefson JJ (1982) Carbofuran persistence in cornfeld soils. J Econ Entomol 75:637–642
Graff O (1978) Physiologishe Rassen beiEisenia foetida (Savigny, 1826) (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)? Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Domestikation dieser Art. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 15:251–263
Haque A, Ebing W (1983) Toxicity determinations of pesticides to earthworms in the soil substrate. Z Pflanzenkrankheiten Pflanzenschutz 90:395–408
Kuhr RJ, Dorough HW (1976) Carbamate insecticides: Chemistry, biochemistry and toxicology. CRC Press, New York
Lofs-Holmin Astrid (1981) Influence in field experiments of benomyl and carbendazim on earthworms (Lumbricidae) in relation to soil texture. Swed J Agric Res 11:141–147
Reinecke AJ, Kriel JR (1980) The influence of temperature on the reproduction of the earthwormEisenia foetida (Oligocheata). SA J Zool 16:96–100
Stenersen J (1979a) Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part I: The toxicity of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides to earthworms as evaluated by laboratory tests. Pestic Sci 10:66–74
Stenersen J (1979b) Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part II: Elimination of parathion by the earthwormEisenia foetida. Pestic Sci 10:104–112
Talekar NS, Sun LT, Lee EM, Chen JS (1977) Persistence of some insecticides in subtropical soil. J Agric Food Chem 25:384–352
Thomson AR, Sans WW (1974) Effects of soil insecticides in southwestern Ontario on non-target invertebrates: Earthworms in pasture. Environ Entomol 3:305–308
Tomlin AD, Gore FL (1974) Effects of six insecticides and a fungicide on the number and biomass of earthworms in pasture. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12:487–492
Wiliams IH, Brown MJ (1976) Degradation of carbofuran by soil microorganisms. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15:244–249
Yu CC, Booth GM, Hasen DJ, Larsen JR (1974) Fate of carbofuran in a model ecosystem. J Agric Food Chem 22:431–434
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bouwman, H., Reinecke, A.J. Effects of carbofuran on the earthworm,Eisenia fetida, using a defined medium. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38, 171–178 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01606577
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01606577