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Why are currency crises contagious? A comparison of the Latin American Crisis of 1994–1995 and the Asian Crisis of 1997–1998

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Abstract

Why Are Currency Crises Contagious? A Comparison of the Latin American Crisis of 1994–1995 and the Asian Crisis of 1997–1998.—This paper analyzes three channels through which currency crises are transmitted between countries: contagion based on unsustainable economic fundamentals; contagion resulting from herding behaviour in financial markets; contagion induced by close trade integration. The presented model that links currency crises with these three types of contagion is employed to analyze the transmission of the Mexican crisis in 1994–1995 and the Thai crisis in 1997 to other emerging economies. The empirical results show that, first, the most important contagion channels were based on close financial and trade integration rather than on the weakness of macroeconomic fundamentals. Second, the vulnerability to capital flow reversals and weak financial sectors made countries particularly prone to a currency crisis, while external imbalances and currency misalignments were much less important. JEL no. F30, E60, E65, E44

Zusammenfassung

Warum sind Währungskrisen ansteckend? Ein Vergleich der lateinamerikanischen Krise von 1994/95 mit der Asienkrise 1997/98.—Dieser Artikel untersucht die Frage, wie Währungskrisen zwischen Ländern übertragen werden. Es wird zwischen drei verschiedenen Übertragungskanälen unterschieden: Übertragungen, die auf unhaltbare makroökonomische Faktoren zurückzuführen sind; Übertragungen durch das Verhalten von Investoren auf Finanzmärkten; und Übertragungen, die durch enge Handelsverflechtungen verursacht werden. Es wird ein theoretisches Modell präsentiert, das den Zusammenhang von Währungskrisen und diesen drei Übertragungskanälen analysiert. Es wird dann eingesetzt, um die Ausbreitung der Währungskrisen in Lateinamerika 1994/95 und Asien 1997/98 auf andere aufstrebende Volkswirtschaften zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse verdeutlichen, daß die beiden Währungskrisen hauptsächlich durch enge Finanzmarkt- und Handelsintegration übertragen wurden. Zudem waren es vor allem schwache Finanzsektoren und die Abhängigkeit von kurzfristigen Kapitalströmen und deren Umkehr, die die Länder für Krisen anfällig machten, während externe Ungleichgewichte und fehlerhafte Wechselkursanpassungen von geringerer Bedeutung waren.

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Additional information

Remark: I am grateful to Markus Diehl, an anonymous referee and the participants of the 1998 Annual Congress of the European Economic Association and an ASP seminar at the Kiel Institute of World Economics for helpful comments and suggestions. While working on this paper in 1997 and 1998, I was at the Kiel Institute of World Economics, Germany. I would also like to thank the office of the Harvard Institute of International Development (HIID) in Jakarta, Indonesia, for accommodating me while researching on this paper in November 1997 and April 1998.

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Fratzscher, M. Why are currency crises contagious? A comparison of the Latin American Crisis of 1994–1995 and the Asian Crisis of 1997–1998. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 134, 664–691 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02773292

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