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Iponatremie: aspetti generali, principi di diagnosi e terapia

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Riassunto

Una riduzione dei livelli plasmatici di sodio si riscontra nel 15–30% dei pazienti ricoverati in ospedale. Molteplici possono essere le cause che determinano iponatremia e in uno stesso paziente, soprattutto nell’anziano, possono coesistere più patologie capaci di determinare questa alterazione elettrolitica. L’iponatremia deve essere vista come un segno clinico meritevole di grande attenzione anche nelle forme più modeste e apparentemente asintomatiche. Anche lievi riduzioni dei livelli plasmatici di sodio possono determinare, qualora perdurino nel tempo, importanti ripercussioni cliniche, come ad esempio alterazioni dell’equilibrio con maggiore facilità di cadute a terra ed anche riduzione della densità ossea, come è stato recentemente dimostrato. Ne consegue che è fondamentale effettuare un percorso diagnostico rigoroso in modo da definire con precisione l eziopatogenesi dell iponatremia e quindi potere iniziare un corretto ed efficace trattamento. Questo articolo tratterà le diverse situazioni in cui si può verificare iponatremia, le manifestazioni cliniche ad essa correlate, le modalità da utilizzare per formulare una corretta diagnosi e decidere la strategia terapeutica appropriata. A questo riguardo, una sezione sarà dedicata alla promettente novità farmacologica rappresentata dagli antagonisti recettoriali della vasopressina, i vaptani.

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Parenti, G., Giuliani, C. & Peri, A. Iponatremie: aspetti generali, principi di diagnosi e terapia. L’Endocrinologo 12, 74–82 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344792

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