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Impact of household vinegar on calculus removal and mechanical properties of orthodontic resin

Einfluss von Haushaltsessig auf die Entfernung von Zahnstein und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von kieferorthopädischem Kunststoff

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Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This study evaluated calculus removal efficacy of household vinegar and its effect on autopolymerizing orthodontic resin following repeated immersion.

Methods

A total of 72 sectioned specimens of orthodontic retainers with calculus deposits following cleaning with the help of immersion in vinegar of different dilutions between 12.5% and 100%, tap water, effervescent tablets, and mechanical debridement were digitally analyzed. Changes in Ca and Fe ions in vinegar were assessed by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). For mechanical testing, autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples were similarly grouped and immersed for 78 cycles and their flexural strength and hardness measured. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to evaluate changes in their chemical composition. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test were used to analyze the differences in the mean flexural strength and hardness between the groups (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

A minimum immersion of 2 h in 25% vinegar solution combined with brushing attained efficiency of 74.13 ± 22% calculus removal. Whereas, tap water and effervescent tablets had 15% and 49% efficiency, respectively. AES results showed diffusion of Ca ions from calculus into the vinegar solution as a plausible mechanism for its structural weakening and removal. Results of mechanical testing showed that undiluted vinegar solution affected the flexural strength of PMMA and this effect was significantly different from that of the effervescent tablets and the remaining vinegar concentrations. There was no significant difference in hardness between the groups. The FTIR showed no changes in the chemical composition of PMMA samples following repeated immersions.

Conclusion

Vinegar can be useful in the removal of calculus from dental appliances but should be used in diluted forms to minimize side effects.

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung

In dieser Studie wurden die Wirksamkeit von Haushaltsessig zur Entfernung von Zahnstein und seine Effekte auf die Autopolymerisation von kieferorthopädischem Kunststoff nach wiederholtem Eintauchen untersucht.

Methoden

Insgesamt 72 Schnittpräparate kieferorthopädischer Retainer mit Zahnsteinablagerungen nach Reinigung durch Eintauchen in Essig verschiedener Verdünnungen (zwischen 12,5 und 100 %), Leitungswasser, Brausetabletten und mechanisches Débridement wurden digital analysiert. Veränderungen der Ca(Kalzium)- und Fe(Eisen)-Ionen im Essig wurden mittels Atomemissionsspektroskopie (AES) bewertet. Für die mechanische Prüfung wurden Proben aus autopolymerisierendem Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) in ähnlicher Weise in Gruppen eingeteilt und 78 Zyklen lang eingetaucht, anschließend wurden Biegefestigkeit und Härte gemessen. Zur Bewertung von Änderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung wurde die Fourier-Transformation-Infrarotspektroskopie (FTIR) durchgeführt, zur Analyse der Gruppenunterschiede in der durchschnittlichen Biegefestigkeit und Härte kamen die Einwege-Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) und der Tukey-Test zum Einsatz (p ≤ 0,05).

Ergebnisse

Durch mindestens 2‑stündiges Eintauchen in eine 25 %ige Essiglösung in Kombination mit Bürsten wurde eine Effizienz von 74,13 ± 22 % bei der Zahnsteinentfernung erreicht. Leitungswasser und Zahnspangenreinigungstabletten hatten dagegen eine Effizienz von 15 bzw. 49 %. Die AES zeigte die Diffusion von Ca-Ionen aus Zahnstein in die Essiglösung als plausiblen Mechanismus für die strukturelle Auflockerung und Entfernung. Ergebnisse mechanischer Tests zeigten, dass unverdünnte Essiglösung die Biegefestigkeit von PMMA beeinflusste, und dieser Effekt unterschied sich signifikant von dem der Zahnspangenreinigungstabletten und der übrigen Essigkonzentrationen. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied in der Härte zwischen den Gruppen. Die FTIR zeigte keine Veränderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung der PMMA-Proben nach wiederholtem Eintauchen.

Schlussfolgerung

Essig kann bei der Entfernung von Zahnstein an zahnmedizinischen Geräten hilfreich sein, sollte aber verdünnt verwendet werden, um unerwünschte Effekte zu minimieren.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the lab members of Center Instrument Faculty, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phayathai Branch and Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University for their technical support and advices and Center of Excellence on Medical Biotechnology for providing the research funds.

Funding

The research was supported by Center of Excellence on Medical Biotechnology under the grant no. SD-60-003-13.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Binit Shrestha & Toemsak Srikhirin

  2. Dental Biomaterial Analysis and Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Wassana Wichai

  3. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Surachai Dechkunakorn & Niwat Anuwongnukroh

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  1. Binit Shrestha
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  2. Wassana Wichai
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  4. Surachai Dechkunakorn
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  5. Niwat Anuwongnukroh
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Niwat Anuwongnukroh.

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Conflict of interest

B. Shrestha, W. Wichai, T. Srikhirin, S. Dechkunakorn and N. Anuwongnukroh declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical standards

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants or on human tissue were in accordance with the ethical approval from Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry/Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University (MU-DT/PY-IRB 2018/DT068). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Shrestha, B., Wichai, W., Srikhirin, T. et al. Impact of household vinegar on calculus removal and mechanical properties of orthodontic resin. J Orofac Orthop 82, 54–63 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-020-00255-1

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