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Mikrobiom, Diabetes und Herz: neue Zusammenhänge?

Microbiome, diabetes and heart: a novel link?

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Zusammenfassung

Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes haben ein hohes kardiovaskuläres Risiko. Die zugrunde liegenden Pathomechanismen sind bisher nicht hinreichend verstanden und die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten dementsprechend begrenzt. Das Darmmikrobiom könnte eine wichtige Rolle bei kardiometabolischen Erkrankungen spielen. Ein Ungleichgewicht in der Darmflora wurde bereits mit Insulinresistenz, Diabetes mellitus und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen wie Atherosklerose und Herzinsuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht. Ein Teil der negativen kardiovaskulären Effekte des Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus könnte somit über die intestinale Bakterienflora vermittelt werden. Dieser Übersichtsartikel diskutiert spezifische, mit dem Darmmikrobiom assoziierte Mechanismen, welche sowohl beim Typ-2-Diabetes als auch bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen moduliert sind. Auf der einen Seite wird dargestellt, wie Darmbakterien zu einer systemischen Low-grade-Inflammation beitragen können. Auf der anderen Seite wird aufgezeigt, wie das intestinale Mikrobiom als komplexes metabolisches Organ über die Produktion von bioaktiven Metaboliten den kardiometabolischen Phänotyp beeinflusst. Weitere Studien müssen zeigen, ob diese Mechanismen zu dem hohen kardiovaskulären Risiko bei Typ-2-Diabetes beitragen.

Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes suffer from a high cardiovascular risk. The underlying pathomechanisms are not fully understood and treatment options are correspondingly limited. The gut microbiome could be a new important player in cardiometabolic diseases. Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and heart failure. The negative cardiovascular effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus could therefore partly be mediated by gut microbiota. This review article discusses specific gut microbiome-associated mechanisms, which are modulated in both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is presented how intestinal bacteria may contribute to systemic low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, it is shown how the intestinal microbiome as a complex metabolic organ is able to influence the cardiometabolic phenotype via production of bioactive metabolites. Further studies will have to demonstrate whether these mechanisms contribute to the high cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medizinische Klinik I – Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland

    B. A. Kappel &  M. Lehrke

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  1. B. A. Kappel
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  2. M. Lehrke
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B.A. Kappel gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. M. Lehrke weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Erhalt von Forschungsunterstützung durch Böhringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, MSD; Ausführung von Vortragstätigkeiten für Böhringer Ingelheim, MSD, AstraZeneca, BMS, Servier, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Amgen; Ausführung von Beratertätigkeiten für Böhringer Ingelheim, MSD, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Amgen, GSK, Roche.

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Kappel, B.A., Lehrke, M. Mikrobiom, Diabetes und Herz: neue Zusammenhänge?. Herz 44, 223–230 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-019-4791-x

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