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Hauterkrankungen durch humane Polyomaviren

Human polyomavirus-associated skin diseases

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Zusammenfassung

Von den gegenwärtig bekannten 15 humanen Polyomaviren (HPyV) wurden 8 auf gesunder Haut gefunden. Merkelzell-Polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7 sowie das seltener vorkommende Saint Louis-Polyomavirus (STLPyV) gelten als Teil des humanen kutanen Viroms. Das wichtigste kutane Polyomavirus, MCPyV, verursacht einen Großteil der Merkelzellkarzinome (MCC). Das MCC ist ein seltener, aber sehr aggressiver maligner Hauttumor, der neben immunsupprimierten auch immunkompetente Patienten betrifft. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde eine stetige Zunahme der Inzidenzraten dieses Hauttumors beobachtet. MCC treten v. a. auf Sonnenlicht-exponierten Hautarealen hellhäutiger Menschen auf. Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines MCC sind Immunsuppression und hohes Alter. Die Primärinfektion mit dem Trichodysplasia-spinulosa-assoziierten Polyomavirus (TSPyV) kann bei Immunsupprimierten die sehr seltene Hauterkrankung Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) verursachen. Keratinstachel (Spicula), hauptsächlich im zentralen Gesicht, charakterisieren diese Erkrankung. Ausschließlich bei Immunsupprimierten wurden Hautläsionen in Zusammenhang mit weiteren HPyV beschrieben. Für HPyV6 und HPyV7 wurden Fälle epithelialer Proliferationen und juckender dyskeratotischer Dermatitiden veröffentlicht. HPyV9 und New Jersey-Polyomavirus (NJPyV-13) wurden jeweils in unterschiedlichen Hautveränderungen einzelner Patienten gefunden, wobei die Rolle dieser Polyomaviren bei der Entstehung der Hautläsionen noch unklar ist.

Abstract

Of the 15 currently known human polyomaviruses (HPyV), eight have been found on healthy skin. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, and to a lesser extent Saint Louis polyomavirus (STLPyV) are considered part of the human cutaneous virome. The most important cutaneous polyomavirus, MCPyV, causes the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). MCC is a rare but very aggressive malignant skin tumor that affects both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. A steady increase in incidence rates of this skin tumor has been observed in recent decades. MCC occurs primarily on sunlight-exposed skin of fair-skinned individuals. Risk factors for MCC development include immunosuppression and advanced age. In immunocompromised individuals, primary infection with trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) can cause the very rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS). Keratin spines (spicules), mainly in the center of the face, clinically characterize this disease. Skin lesions associated with further HPyV have been described exclusively in immunocompromised individuals. For HPyV6 and HPyV7, cases of epithelial proliferation and pruritic dyskeratotic dermatitis have been published. HPyV9 and New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-13) were each found in different skin lesions of individual patients. The role of these polyomaviruses in the development of the skin lesions is still unclear.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland

    Steffi Silling &  Ulrike Wieland

  2. Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Oberhausen, Deutschland

    Alexander Kreuter

  3. Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Johannes Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland

    Alexander Kreuter

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Correspondence to Ulrike Wieland.

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S. Silling, A. Kreuter und U. Wieland geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien. Für Bildmaterial oder anderweitige Angaben innerhalb des Manuskripts, über die Patienten zu identifizieren sind, liegt von ihnen und/oder ihren gesetzlichen Vertretern eine schriftliche Einwilligung vor.

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Silling, S., Kreuter, A. & Wieland, U. Hauterkrankungen durch humane Polyomaviren. Hautarzt 73, 426–433 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-022-04993-8

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