Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hydroxymethyl furfural-modified urea–formaldehyde resin: synthesis and properties

  • Original
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Considering the importance of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins in the wood industry, this work reports on a new bio-based modification of UF resins. The use of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is motivated by the current concerns about the effects of formaldehyde on human health. UF and urea–HMF–formaldehyde (UHF) resins were synthesized by an alkaline-acid method and characterized by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The UHF, as a newly modified polymeric resin, was thermally characterized, and it was found that its thermo-stability and char yield was improved. In order to investigate the performance of the UHF, the preparation of particleboards with the UHF as adhesive, as well as its film formation ability have been studied. The UHF films formed on wood panels were uniform without any crack. Film formation ability of the UHF resin was improved due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups as well as furan rings of the HMF moieties resulting in more activated groups to be bonded by wood. Furthermore, formaldehyde release of the particleboards bonded by UHF was significantly lower than that of which bonded by the UF resin. Lab particleboards using the UHF resins showed higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond compared to boards with UF resins, as well as lower water absorption and thickness swelling. Based on these results UHF resin can be considered as a possible candidate as adhesive for wood and wood based panels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdullah ZA, Park BD (2010) Influence of acrylamide copolymerization of urea formaldehyde resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance. J Appl Polym Sci 117:3181–3186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamad T, Alshehri SM (2014) Thermal degradation and evolved gas analysis: a polymeric blend of urea formaldehyde (UF) and epoxy (DGEBA) resin. Arab J Chem 7:1140–1147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basta AH, El-Saied H, Winandy JE, Sabo R (2011) Preformed amide-containing biopolymer for improving the environmental performance of synthesized urea–formaldehyde in agro-fiber composites. J Polym Environ 19:405–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland MJ, Lorenz L, James M, Frihart CR (2010) Determination of native (wood derived) formaldehyde by the desiccator method in particleboards generated during panel production. Holzforschung 64:429–433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobrowski A, Grabowska B (2012) The impact of temperature on furan resin. Metall Foundry Eng 38:73–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bono A, Beng YK, Siambun NJ (2003) Melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin: the effect of the number of reaction stages and mole ratio on resin properties. J Teknol 38:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Christjanson P, Siimer K, Pehk T, Lasn I (2002) Structural changes in urea–formaldehyde resins during storage. Eur J Wood Prod 60:379–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christjanson P, Pehk T, Siimer K (2006) Hydroxymethylation and polycondensation reactions in urea–formaldehyde resin synthesis. J Appl Polym Sci 100:1673–1680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dim PE (2011) Application of keratin-modified urea–formaldehyde resin for bonding particleboard. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5:196–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebewele RO (1995) Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis of amine-modified urea–formaldehyde adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 58:1689–1700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esmaeili N, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Bouhendi H, Bagheri-Marandi G (2016) HMF synthesis in aqueous and organic media under ultrasonication, microwave irradiation and conventional heating. Korean J Chem Eng 33:1964–1970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferra J (2010) Optimization of urea–formaldehyde resins for the manufacture of wood-based panels. PhD thesis dissertation, University of Porto, pp 3–27

  • Ferra MM, Henriques A, Mendes M, Costa RN, Carvalho LH, Magalhaes F (2012) Comparison of UF synthesis by alkaline-acid and strongly acid processes. J Appl Polym Sci 123:1764–1772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink JK (2005) Reactive polymers fundamentals and applications, chaps 5 and 7. William Andrew Pub, Norwich

  • Gancarz R (1995) Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 51:10627–10632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandini A (2010) Biocatalysis in polymer chemistry. Wiley, Singapore, pp 1–34

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Z, Wang X, Wan H, Liu Y (2008) Curing characteristics of urea–formaldehyde resin in the presence of various amounts of wood extracts and catalysts. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1555–1562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han TL, Kumar RN, Rozman HD, Wan Daud WR (2008) Influence of process variables on the reactivity of low formaldehyde emission urea–formaldehyde resin. Polym Plast Technol Eng 47:551–557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Li C, Chi Y, Yan J (2010) TG-FTIR study on urea–formaldehyde resin residue during pyrolysis and combustion. J Hazard Mater 173:205–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandelbauer A, Despres A, Pizzi A, Taudes I (2007) Testing by Fourier transform infrared species variation during melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin preparation. J Appl Polym Sci 106:2192–2197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Zhang Y, Zeng X (2009) Two-step synthesis and characterization of urea–isobutyraldehyde–formaldehyde resins. Prog Org Coat 66:167–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Tian Y, Zhao G, Sun Y, Zhu F, Gao Y (2008) Synthesis of urea–formaldehyde resin by melt condensation polymerization. J Polym Res 15:501–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • No BY, Kim MG (2007) Evaluation of melamine-modified urea–formaldehyde resins as particleboard binders. J Appl Polym Sci 106:30–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Paiva NT, Pereira J, Ferra JM, Cruz P, Carvalho L, Magalhaes FD (2012) Study of influence of synthesis conditions on properties of melamine–urea formaldehyde resins. Int Wood Prod J 3:51–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park BD, Kim JW (2008) Dynamic mechanical analysis of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives with different formaldehyde-to-urea molar ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 108:2045–2051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park BD, Chang Kang E, Yong Park J (2006) Effects of formaldehyde to urea mole ratio on thermal curing behavior of urea–formaldehyde resin and properties of particleboard. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1787–1792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park B, Kang E, Park J (2008) Thermal curing behavior of modified urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives with two formaldehyde scavengers and their influence on adhesion performance. J Appl Polym Sci 110:1573–1580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel BK, Patel HS, Morekar MM (2013) Synthesis, characterization and glass reinforcement of dimethylolurea-3-aminophenol-epoxy resin curing systems. Polym Plast Technol Eng 52:332–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roumeli E, Papadopoulou E, Pavlidou E (2012) Synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of urea–formaldehyde/nanoSiO2 resins. Thermochim Acta 527:33–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AP, Nuryawan A, Park BA (2013) Novel sample preparation method that enables ultrathin sectioning of urea–formaldehyde resin for imaging by transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res 1:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling LH (2005) Introduction of polymer chemistry science. Wiley Press, New Jersey, pp 407–411

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P, Hazarika A, Maji TK (2013) Study on the properties of wood polymer nanocomposites based on melamine formaldehyde–furfuryl alcohol copolymer and modified clay. J Wood Chem Technol 33:103–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tohmura S, Hse Y, Higuchi M (2000) Formaldehyde emission and high-temperature stability of cured urea–formaldehyde resins. J Wood Sci 46:303–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tumolva T, Kubouchi M, Aoki S, Sakai T (2009) Evaluating the carbon potential of furan resin-based green composites. In: 18th International conference on composite materials, Edinburgh, July 27–31

  • Van Putten R, Van Der Waal JC, De Jong E, Rasrendra CB, Heeres HJ, Vries JG (2013) Hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile platform chemical made from renewable resources. Chem Rev 113:1499–1597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Chen H, Pizzi A, Li Y, Gao Q, Li J (2014) Characterization and application of urea–formaldehyde–furfural co-condensed resins as wood adhesives. Bioresources 9:6267–6276

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorba T, Papadopoulou E, Hatjiissaak A, Paraskevopoulos KM, Chrissafis K (2008) Urea–formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. J Therm Anal Calorim 92:29–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are very much obliged to one of the reviewers due to his/her highly informative and deep comments causing evolutionary improvement of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adhesive and Resin Department, Polymer Processing Faculty, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran

    N. Esmaeili, M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr, S. Mohajeri, K. Kabiri & H. Bouhendi

  2. Biomass Conversion Science and Technology (BCST) Division, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran

    M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr & K. Kabiri

Authors
  1. N. Esmaeili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Mohajeri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Kabiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. H. Bouhendi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Esmaeili, N., Zohuriaan-Mehr, M.J., Mohajeri, S. et al. Hydroxymethyl furfural-modified urea–formaldehyde resin: synthesis and properties. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 75, 71–80 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1072-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1072-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation