Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Direct reuse at industrial level of ion-exchange resin regeneration wastewater in MDF manufacturing

  • Original
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Industrial wastewater is currently a big challenge for authorities due to its environmental issues when disposed to the ecosystem. From an economic perspective and long treatment time, it is yet more reasonable to recover and reuse wastewater in industries. In this work, the wastewater from an ion exchange resin regeneration process was directly and without any further treatment reused in the wood industry for manufacturing medium density fiberboards (MDF). Comparing with the disposal criteria of international standards, the reused wastewater exhibited much higher electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solid, total suspension solid, and inorganic salt content than the permissible limits; therefore, it is categorized as hazardous material. The highly saline wastewater was added during and after synthesizing of the urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin but before mixing with the wood fibers. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of the UF resin samples, respectively, demonstrated the high stability of the chemical structure and higher strength against decomposition for the UF resins after being treated with the wastewater. The physico–mechanical properties of MDFs prepared by reused wastewater were significantly improved whilst the formaldehyde emission of the boards was noticeably reduced (~ 17%) to the benefit of the environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

MDF:

Medium density fiberboard

EC:

Electrical conductivity

TU:

Turbidity

TDS:

Total dissolved solid

TSS:

Total suspension solid

UF:

Urea–formaldehyde

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

IX:

Ion exchange

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

UFC:

Urea–formaldehyde condensate

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

KBr:

Potassium bromide

MOR:

Modulus of rupture

MOE:

Modulus of elasticity

IB:

Internal bond

TS:

Thickness swelling

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

Na:

Sodium

Cl:

Chlorine

Mg:

Magnesium

Ca:

Calcium

References

  • Akhoundi A, Nazif S (2018) Sustainability assessment of wastewater reuse alternatives using the evidential reasoning approach. J Clean Prod 195:1350–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Barwani HH, Purnama AN (2007) Re-assessing the impact of desalination plants brine discharges on eroding beaches. Desalination 204:94–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amini A (2017) The sustainability of ion exchange water treatment technology. Dissertations, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). University of South Florida

  • Ariono D, Purwasasmita M, Wenten IG (2016) Brine effluents: characteristics, environmental impacts, and their handling. J Eng Technol Sci 48:367–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D1081-60 (1968) Standard method of test for evaluating pressure sealing properties of rubber and rubber-like materials. Am Soc Test Mater pp 1–3

  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1985) Water quality for agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome

  • Bilińska L, Gmurek M, Ledakowicz S (2017) Textile wastewater treatment by AOPs for brine reuse. Process Saf Environ 109:420–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigano FA, Soucie WJ, Rak SF, Culligan International Co (1993) Reclaiming of spent brine. US Patent 5,254,257

  • Buscio V, Marín MJ, Crespi M, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C (2015) Reuse of textile wastewater after homogenization–decantation treatment coupled to PVDF ultrafiltration membranes. Chem Eng J 265:122–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crites R (1977) Process design manual for land treatment of municipal wastewater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pp 1–593

  • Dorieh A, Mahmoodi N, Mamaghani M, Pizzi A, Mohammadi Zeydi M (2018) Comparison of the properties of urea–formaldehyde resins by the use of formalin or urea formaldehyde condensates. J Adhes Sci Technol 32:2537–2551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorieh A, Mahmoodi NO, Mamaghani M, Pizzi A, Mohammadi Zeydi M (2019a) Effect of different acids during the synthesis of urea–formaldehyde adhesives and the mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboards bonded with them. J Appl Polym Sci 136:47256

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorieh A, Mahmoodi NO, Mamaghani M, Pizzi A, Mohammadi Zeydi M, Moslemi A (2019b) New insight into the use of latent catalysts for the synthesis of urea formaldehyde adhesives and the mechanical properties of medium density fiberboards bonded with them. Eur Polym J 112:195–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EN 120 (1992) Wood-based panels—determination of formaldehyde content—extraction method called the perforator method. CEN European Committee for Standardization

  • EN 310 (1993) Wood-based panels: determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and of bending strength. CEN European Committee for Standardization

  • EN 317 (1993) Particleboards and fibreboards: determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water. CEN European Committee for Standardization

  • EN 319 (1993) Particleboards and fiberboards, determination of tensile strength perpendicular to plane of the board. CEN European Committee for Standardization

  • Gao Q, Liu C, Luo J, Li X, Chen L, Wang W, Li J (2018) Effects of resin open time and melamine addition on cold pre-pressing performance of a urea–formaldehyde resin. Eur J Wood Prod 76(4):1253–1261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemipanah K (2013) Treatment of ion-exchange resins regeneration wastewater using reverse osmosis method for reuse. Desalin Water Treat 51:5179–5183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashim A, Hajjaj M (2005) Impact of desalination plants fluid effluents on the integrity of seawater, with the Arabian Gulf in perspective. Desalination 182:373–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang C, Peng F, Xiong L, Li HL, Chen XF, Zhao C, Chen XD (2019) Introduction of one efficient industrial system for turpentine processing wastewater reuse and treatment. Sci Total Environ 663:447–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huck M, Carrow RN, Duncan RR (2000) Effluent water: nightmare or dream come true. USGA Green Sect Rec 38:15–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwuozor K, Gold EE (2018) Physico–chemical parameters of industrial efflents from a brewery industry in Imo State, Nigeria. Adv J Chem 1:66–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabsch-Korbutowicz M, Wisniewski J, Łakomska S, Urbanowska A (2011) Application of UF, NF and ED in natural organic matter removal from ion-exchange spent regenerant brine. Desalination 280:428–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanu I, Achi OK (2011) Industrial effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria. J Appl Technol Environ Sanit 1:75–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khonakdar Dazmiri M, Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M, Dorieh A, Pizzi A (2019a) Effect of the initial F/U molar ratio in urea–formaldehyde resins synthesis and its influence on the performance of medium density fiberboard bonded with them. Int J Adhes Adhes 95:102440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khonakdar Dazmiri M, Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M, Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M, Mansouri HR, Moazami V (2019b) Revealing the impacts of recycled urea–formaldehyde wastes on the physical–mechanical properties of MDF. Eur J Wood Prod 77:293–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kralj AK (2015) The re-usages of wastewater within industry: the positive impact of contaminants. J Clean Prod 95:124–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Chen Y, Long J, Jiang D, Liu J, Li S, Qi J, Zhang P, Wang J, Gong J, Wu Q (2017) Simultaneous removal of thallium and chloride from a highly saline industrial wastewater using modified anion exchange resins. J Hazard Mater 333:179–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wan H (2018) Hydrolysis and recycling of urea formaldehyde resin residues. J Hazard Mater 355:96–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markessini AC, Teukros AG (1979) Reactive catalyst for amino resins. US Patent 4,161,467

  • McAdam EJ, Judd SJ (2008) Biological treatment of ion-exchange brine regenerant for re-use: a review. Sep Purif Technol 62:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motter WK, Harmon DM, Hexion Inc (2012) Polymerization-enhancing composition for urea–formaldehyde resins, method of manufacture, method of use, and articles formed therefrom. US Patent 8,252,864

  • No BY, Harmon DM, Miller TR, Hexion Inc (2014) Storage stable amino-formaldehyde resins and applications thereof. US Patent 8,741,430

  • Panswad T, Anan C (1999) Impact of high chloride wastewater on an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process with and without inoculation of chloride acclimated seeds. Water Res 33:1165–1172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzi A (1994) Advanced wood adhesives technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravizky A, Nadav N (2007) Salt production by the evaporation of SWRO brine in Eilat: a success story. Desalination 205:374–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szesztay M, László-Hedvig Z, Kovacsovics E, Tüdős F (1993) DSC application for characterization of urea/formaldehyde condensates. Holz Roh Werkst 51:297–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taghiyari HR, Majidi R, Jahangiri A (2016) Adsorption of nanowollastonite on cellulose surface: effects on physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Cerne 22:215–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taghiyari HR, Moradiyan A, Farazi A (2013) Effect of nanosilver on the rate of heat transfer to the core of the medium density fiberboard mat. Int J Bioinorg Hybrid Nanomater 2:303–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Turek M (2003) Seawater desalination and salt production in a hybrid membrane-thermal process. Desalination 153:173–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uraki Y, Nemoto J, Yanaga K, Koizumi A, Hirai T (2005) Preparation of board-like moldings from composites of isolated lignins and waste paper II: effect of inorganic salt addition on board performance and evaluation of practical use of MDF. J Wood Sci 51:589–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (2012) Guideline for water reuse. Office of wastewater management, office of water. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington (DC)

  • Venzke CD, Giacobbo A, Ferreira JZ, Bernardes AM, Rodrigues MA (2018) Increasing water recovery rate of membrane hybrid process on the petrochemical wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ 117:152–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO, World Health Organization (1989) Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture: report of a WHO scientific group [meeting held in Geneva from 18 to 23 November 1987]

  • WHO, World Health Organization (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, World Health Organization

  • WHO, World Health Organization (2017) Potable reuse: guidance for producing safe drinking-water

  • Younesi-Kordkheili H, Kazemi-Najafi S, Eshkiki RB, Pizzi A (2015) Improving urea formaldehyde resin properties by glyoxalated soda bagasse lignin. Eur J Wood Prod 73(1):77–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zorba T, Papadopoulou E, Hatjiissaak A, Paraskevopoulos K, Chrissafis K (2008) Urea–formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. J Therm Anal Calorim 92:29–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Mr. Ali Saeedi, the head of Arian Saeed Industrial Group (ASIG), and the authors are thankful for his invaluable support. Further, special gratitude to all employees in Chassbsaz company for their support in this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Division, Chassbsaz Company, Sari, Iran

    Mohammad Valizadeh Kiamahalleh & Mohsen Khonakdar Dazmiri

  2. Department of Process Engineering, International Maritime College Oman, Falaj Al Qabail, 322, Sohar, Oman

    Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh

  3. LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, Epinal, Nancy, France

    Antonio Pizzi

Authors
  1. Mohammad Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohsen Khonakdar Dazmiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Antonio Pizzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Valizadeh Kiamahalleh, M., Khonakdar Dazmiri, M., Valizadeh Kiamahalleh, M. et al. Direct reuse at industrial level of ion-exchange resin regeneration wastewater in MDF manufacturing. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 78, 523–531 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01513-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01513-0

Search

Navigation