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Diagnose nichtepileptischer paroxysmaler Störungen und epileptischer Anfälle

Diagnosis of non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders and epileptic seizures

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Zusammenfassung

Nichtepileptische paroxysmale Störungen werden leicht mit epileptischen Anfällen verwechselt und bilden daher im Alltag wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen der Epilepsie. Im Wesentlichen handelt es sich um Synkopen, nichtepileptische Anfälle im Rahmen dissoziativer Störungen, paroxysmale Bewegungsstörungen, Migräne, transitorische ischämische Attacken und Parasomnien. Eine sorgfältige Anamnese einschließlich Fremdbeschreibungen hilft bei der Diagnosestellung. Neurologische, psychiatrische und kardiologische Untersuchungen sind für die weitere Differenzialdiagnose erforderlich. Das interiktale Elektroenzephalogramm, das bei nichtepileptischen Anfällen nicht richtungweisend ist, erreicht bei Epilepsie erst durch wiederholte Ableitungen eine hohe Sensitivität. Unklare Fälle können durch EEG-Video-Monitoring oder bei Verdacht auf kardiogene Ursachen mittels Event-Rekorder geklärt werden.

Abstract

Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders may clinically manifest in a similar way to epileptic seizures and have to be considered in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy. Syncope, non-epileptic psychogenic seizures, paroxysmal movement disorders, migraine, transient ischemic attacks and parasomnia constitute the major differential diagnoses. A meticulous history and a third party description are useful for the differential diagnosis. Neurological, psychiatric and cardiological examinations are required for the correct differential diagnosis. The interictal electroencephalogram (EEG), which is normal in non-epileptic patients, is frequently normal in epileptic patients at the onset of seizures, but reaches a high sensitivity after repeated recordings. In equivocal cases EEG video monitoring and in the case of suspected cardiac asystole, event recorders are useful diagnostic tools.

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Correspondence to S. Noachtar.

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S. Noachtar und B. Güldiken geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Noachtar, S., Güldiken, B. Diagnose nichtepileptischer paroxysmaler Störungen und epileptischer Anfälle. Nervenarzt 88, 1109–1118 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0397-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0397-9

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