Skip to main content
Log in

Lead Testing Wipes Contain Measurable Background Levels of Lead

  • Published:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lead is registered under the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65) as both a carcinogen and a reproductive hazard. As part of the process to determine if consumer products satisfy Proposition 65 with respect to lead, various wipe sampling strategies have been utilized. Four commonly used wipe materials (cotton gauze, cotton balls, ashless filter paper, and Ghost™ Wipes) were tested for background lead levels. Ghost™ Wipe material was found to have 0.43 ± 0.11 μg lead/sample (0.14 μg/wipe). Wipe testing for lead using Ghost™ Wipes may therefore result in measurable concentrations of lead, regardless of whether or not the consumer product actually contains leachable lead.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bai Z, Yiin LM, Rich DQ, Adgate JL, Ashley PJ, Lioy PJ, Rhoads GG, Zhang J (2003) Field evaluation and comparison of five methods of sampling lead dust on carpets. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 64:528

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camann DE, Majumdar TK, Geno PW (2000) Evaluation of saliva and artificial salivary fluids for removal of pesticide residues from human skin: national exposure research library. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA), Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) (1986) Safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act of 1986 (Proposition 65). California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) (2008) Interpretive guideline no. 2008-001. Guideline for hand-to-mouth transfer of lead through exposure to fishing tackle products. Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch, Berkeley

  • Florence TM, Stauber JL, Dale LS, Henderson D, Izard BE, Belbin K (1996) Skin absorption of ionic lead compounds. J Austral Coll Nutrition Enviro Med 15:11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin RE (1984) Clinical toxicology of commercial products, 5th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Helsel DR, Hirsch RM (1995) Statistical methods in water resources studies in environmental science, vol 49. Elsevier, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K (2005) Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113(7):894–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety, Health (NIOSH) (1994) Lead in surface wipe samples. NIOSH 9100, Issue 1, Cincinnati

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2004) Journey to work and place of work: 2000. U.S. department of commerce; economics and statistics administration. Washington, DC

  • U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) (2008) U.S. consumer product safety and information act of 2008. Washington, DC

  • U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission [CPSC] (Undated). Test methodology for accessible lead in vinyl products, from http://www.cpsc.gov/phth/vinyltest.html. Accessed 23 Sept 2009

  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (1996) The HUD guidelines for the evaluation and control of lead-based paint hazards in housing. Washington, DC

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) (1997) Exposure factors handbook, vol 1—general factors. Washington, DC

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) (2007a) Method 3050b: acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and solids. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods SW-846. Washington, DC

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) (2007b) Method 6020: atomic emission spectrometry. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods SW-846. Washington, DC

Download references

Acknowledgments

A portion of the underlying research for this project was funded by a consumer product manufacturer.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James. J. Keenan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keenan, J.J., Le, M.H., Paustenbach, D.J. et al. Lead Testing Wipes Contain Measurable Background Levels of Lead. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 84, 269–273 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9926-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9926-y

Keywords

Navigation