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Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend in Concentration of Carbofuran, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Ethyl Residues in Sediment and Water in Lake Naivasha, Kenya

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Abstract

Chlorpyrifos ethyl was found to be widely distributed in water and sediment in Lake Naivasha. Higher levels were reported in sediment (11.2–30.0 ng g−1 dry weight (dw) in wet season than in dry season (4.7–17.4 ng g−1 dw). The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos ethyl in water in wet season ranged between 8.8 and 26.6 μg L−1 and decreased to between below detection limit to 14.0 μg L−1 in dry season. On average, higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos ethyl were observed in sediment than water samples. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in concentration between the seasons, and a significant interaction between seasons and mean concentrations at p ≤ 0.05. However, levels of diazinon and carbofuran were below the detection limit in all the samples analyzed. Notably, levels of chlorpyrifos ethyl were higher than the maximum allowable limits (0.1 μg L−1) recommended by European Union for drinking water and general water quality criterion for protection of freshwater water organisms (0.083 μg L−1).

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Acknowledgments

The authors of this paper sincerely thank Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for awarding Peter Otieno the International Climate Protection fellowship at the Institute of Ecological Chemistry, German National Centre for Environmental Health in Germany.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O Box 333, 40105, Maseno, Kenya

    Peter O. Otieno & Stephen O. Ojwach

  2. Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Peter O. Otieno, Karl-Werner Schramm & Gerd Pfister

  3. Department für Biowissenschaften, TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung und Landnutzung, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350, Freising, Germany

    Karl-Werner Schramm

  4. Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Kenya Polytechnic University College, P.O. Box 42528, 00200, City Square, Nairobi, Kenya

    Joseph O. Lalah

  5. The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID, 83709, USA

    Munir Virani

  6. Ornithology Section, Department of Zoology, National Museum of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya

    Munir Virani

Authors
  1. Peter O. Otieno
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  2. Karl-Werner Schramm
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  3. Gerd Pfister
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  4. Joseph O. Lalah
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  5. Stephen O. Ojwach
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  6. Munir Virani
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Correspondence to Peter O. Otieno.

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Otieno, P.O., Schramm, KW., Pfister, G. et al. Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend in Concentration of Carbofuran, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Ethyl Residues in Sediment and Water in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88, 526–532 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0529-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0529-7

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