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Evaluating the constraints governing activity patterns of a coastal marine top predator

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Abstract

How animals partition activity throughout the day is influenced by processes that affect supply and obtainability of resources. However, as resource supply and usability are often entrained by the same diurnal pattern, it has been difficult to disentangle their relative importance. Given the strong influence that tide has on the distribution and accessibility of resources, intertidal systems present opportunities to examine questions surrounding the drivers of activity patterns. Here, we used multisensory biologgers to study the activity patterns of a coastal marine predator, sicklefin lemon sharks (Negaprion acutidens), in a tidally driven environment. Hidden Markov models were used to identify relatively high and low locomotory activity states, which were used as proxies for behavioural–activity states and to examine the factors underpinning variation in activity patterns. Although tide governs the spatial distributions of this species and showed some effect on sharks’ activity, diurnal light patterns were the predominant factor influencing behavioural-activity patterns, with the probability of high activity peaking overnight. Temperature and body size also had minor negative influences on the probability of animals being in the high-activity state. Interestingly, sharks were least likely to be in a high-activity state during high tide, a time of presumed high resource supply, contradicting the common assumption that this species forages during high tide. We suggest that despite the importance of the accessibility of resources, functional constraints, such as sensory (e.g., visual) and mechanical (e.g., swimming) performance ultimately underpin the activity patterns of intertidal marine predators through their influence on foraging success.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.

Code availability

The R code used for data analysis in the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank C. Keating-Daly and J. Hounslow for assitance in tagging and data collection. We thank J. Lea for modelled tidal data and T. Adam, J. Pohle, M. Ötting, and S. Mews for assistance in data analysis. Additionally, we thank reviewers for their valuable comments which helped to improve the quality of this manuscript. We thank Save Our Seas Foundation for supporting and accomodating our stay at D’Arros Research Centre.

Funding

This work was supported by Save Our Seas Foundation. E. Byrnes was supported under the Murdoch University IPRS funding scheme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia

    Evan E. Byrnes & Adrian C. Gleiss

  2. College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia

    Evan E. Byrnes & Adrian C. Gleiss

  3. Save Our Seas Foundation-d’Arros Research Centre, Rue Philippe Plantamour 20, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland

    Evan E. Byrnes & Ryan Daly

  4. Oceanographic Research Institute, Marine Parade, PO Box 10712, Durban, 4056, South Africa

    Ryan Daly

  5. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

    Ryan Daly

  6. Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, 700 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G, Canada

    Vianey Leos-Barajas

  7. Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany

    Roland Langrock

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Contributions

EEB, RD, ACG conceived the study and planned fieldwork. EEB and RD conducted fieldwork. EEB, VL-B, and RL conducted data analysis and interpretation. The first draft of the manuscript was written by EEB and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Evan E. Byrnes.

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All research was approved by and conducted with the knowledge of the Seychelles Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change and animal use was conducted under a Murdoch University Animal Ethics permit (R2927/17).

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Byrnes, E.E., Daly, R., Leos-Barajas, V. et al. Evaluating the constraints governing activity patterns of a coastal marine top predator. Mar Biol 168, 11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-020-03803-w

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