Abstract
Venous-related brain injury is a common form of cerebrovascular injury in children and encompasses a diverse group of cerebrovascular diagnoses. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to introduce the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology and various imaging patterns of venous-related cerebral injury in children. Unifying concepts to better understand the effects of venous hypertension in the developing brain will be emphasized. These unifying concepts will provide the imaging professional with a conceptual framework to better understand and confidently identify imaging patterns of venous-related cerebral injury.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Meder JF, Chiras J, Roland J et al (1994) Venous territories of the brain. J Neuroradiol 21:118–133
Fries G, Wallenfang T, Hennen J et al (1992) Occlusion of the pig superior sagittal sinus, bridging and cortical veins: multistep evolution of sinus-vein thrombosis. J Neurosurg 77:127–133
Leach JL, Fortuna RB, Jones BV, Gaskill-Shipley MF (2006) Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 26(Suppl 1):S19–S41 discussion S42–43
Tsai FY, Wang AM, Matovich VB et al (1995) The staging of acute dural sinus thrombosis - correlation with venous-pressure measurements and implications for treatment and prognosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:1021–1029
Gotoh M, Ohmoto T, Kuyama H (1993) Experimental study of venous circulatory disturbance by dural sinus occlusion. Acta Neurochir 124:120–126
Yoshikawa T, Abe O, Tsuchiya K et al (2002) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of dural sinus thrombosis. Neuroradiology 44:481–488
Lovblad KO, Bassetti C, Schneider J et al (2000) Diffusion-weighted MRI suggests the coexistence of cytotoxic and vasogenic oedema in a case of deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neuroradiology 42:728–731
Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE (2001) Evidence for cytotoxic edema in the pathogenesis of cerebral venous infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:450–455
Ducreux D, Oppenheim C, Vandamme X et al (2001) Diffusion-weighted imaging patterns of brain damage associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:261–268
Thomalla G, Schwark C, Sobesky J et al (2006) Outcome and symptomatic bleeding complications of intravenous thrombolysis within 6 hours in MRI-selected stroke patients: comparison of a German multicenter study with the pooled data of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS tPA trials. Stroke 37:852–858
Kumral E, Polat F, Uzunkopru C et al (2012) The clinical spectrum of intracerebral hematoma, hemorrhagic infarct, non-hemorrhagic infarct, and non-lesional venous stroke in patients with cerebral sinus-venous thrombosis. Eur J Neurol 19:537–543
Volpe JJ (2009) Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol 8:110–124
Raybaud C, Ahmad T, Rastegar N et al (2013) The premature brain: developmental and lesional anatomy. Neuroradiology 55(Suppl 2):23–40
Arrigoni F, Parazzini C, Righini A et al (2011) Deep medullary vein involvement in neonates with brain damage: an MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:2030–2036
Marti-Bonmati L, Menor F, Mulas F (1993) The Sturge-Weber syndrome - correlation between the clinical status and radiological CT and MRI findings. Childs Nerv Syst 9:107–109
Tournut P, Turjman F, Guibal AL et al (1992) MRI in Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Neuroradiol 19:285–292
Recinos PF, Rahmathulla G, Pearl M et al (2012) Vein of Galen malformations: epidemiology, clinical presentations, management. Neurosurg Clin N Am 23:165–177
Parsa CF (2013) Focal venous hypertension as a pathophysiologic mechanism for tissue hypertrophy, port-wine stains, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, and related disorders: proof of concept with novel hypothesis for underlying etiological cause (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 111:180–215
Meila D, Grieb D, Melber K et al (2016) Hydrocephalus in vein of Galen malformation: etiologies and therapeutic management implications. Acta Neurochir 7:1279–1284
Ramonet D, Pugliese M, Rodriguez MJ et al (2002) Calcium precipitation in acute and chronic brain diseases. J Physiol Paris 96:307–312
Rodriguez MJ, Ursu G, Bernal F et al (2001) Perinatal human hypoxia-ischemia vulnerability correlates with brain calcification. Neurobiol Dis 8:59–68
Wu J, Tarabishy B, Hu JN et al (2011) Cortical calcification in Sturge-weber syndrome on MRI-SWI: relation to brain perfusion status and seizure severity. J Magn Reson Imaging 34:791–798
Bansal A, Gailloud P, Jordan L, Ruiz DS (2009) Regression of cerebral calcifications after endovascular treatment in a case of vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation. Case Report J Neurosurg Pediatr 4:17–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
None.
Additional information
CME activity
This article has been selected as the CME activity for the current month. Please visit the SPR Web site at www.pedrad.org on the Education page and follow the instructions to complete this CME activity.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Linscott, L.L., Leach, J.L., Jones, B.V. et al. Imaging patterns of venous-related brain injury in children. Pediatr Radiol 47, 1828–1838 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-3975-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-3975-x