Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

MRI findings of nonobstructive azoospermia: lesions in and out of pelvic cavity

  • Review
  • Published:
Abdominal Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) can be caused by various diseases, including congenital disorders, endocrine disorders, infections, tumor or tumor-like diseases, vascular diseases, etc. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of NOA is complicated and challenging. In this study, we introduce an MR examination protocol for the etiological diagnosis of NOA, and demonstrate a series of NOA patients with different causes and imaging findings. Except for lesions of testes, the patients may also combine abnormalities of adrenal glands and central nervous system. In such cases, the patients could benefit from additional abdominal and intracranial scans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Esteves SC (2015) Clinical management of infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian journal of andrology 17 (3):459-470. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682x.148719

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Mantovani G, Mancini M, Gazzano G, Spada A, Colpi GM, Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2005) Somatic mutational analysis of DAX1 in testes from men with idiopathic azoospermia. Fertility and sterility 84 (5):1542-1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Roucher-Boulez F, Mallet-Motak D, Samara-Boustani D, Jilani H, Ladjouze A, Souchon PF, Simon D, Nivot S, Heinrichs C, Ronze M, Bertagna X, Groisne L, Leheup B, Naud-Saudreau C, Blondin G, Lefevre C, Lemarchand L, Morel Y (2016) NNT mutations: a cause of primary adrenal insufficiency, oxidative stress and extra-adrenal defects. European journal of endocrinology 175 (1):73-84. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Santi D, Spaggiari G, Casarini L, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Pagotto U, Granata ARM, Carani C, Simoni M (2017) Central hypogonadism due to a giant, “silent” FSH-secreting, atypical pituitary adenoma: effects of adenoma dissection and short-term Leydig cell stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male 20 (2):96-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2016.1276161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Andreassen M, Juul A, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Jorgensen N (2018) Semen quality in patients with pituitary disease and adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrine connections 7 (4):523-533. https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-18-0061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Mittal PK, Little B, Harri PA, Miller FH, Alexander LF, Kalb B, Camacho JC (2017) Role of Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility. Radiographics. 2017 May-Jun;37(3):837-854. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160125.

  7. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ (2003) Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology 227 (1):18-36. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2271001744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Parker RA, 3rd, Menias CO, Quazi R, Hara AK, Verma S, Shaaban A, Siegel CL, Radmanesh A, Sandrasegaran K (2015) MR Imaging of the Penis and Scrotum. Radiographics. 2015 Jul-Aug;35(4):1033-50. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2015140161.

  9. Tsili AC, Giannakis D, Sylakos A, Ntorkou A, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI (2014) MR imaging of scrotum. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America 22 (2):217-238, vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2014.01.007

  10. Wang H, Guan J, Lin J, Zhang Z, Li S, Guo Y, Cai H (2018) Diffusion-Weighted and Magnetization Transfer Imaging in Testicular Spermatogenic Function Evaluation: Preliminary Results. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 47 (1):186-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tsili AC, Ntorkou A, Goussia A, Astrakas L, Panopoulou E, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI (2018) Diffusion tensor imaging parameters in testes with nonobstructive azoospermia. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 48 (5):1318-1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ntorkou A, Tsili AC, Goussia A, Astrakas LG, Maliakas V, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI (2019) Testicular Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Magnetization Transfer Ratio: Can These MRI Parameters Be Used to Predict Successful Sperm Retrieval in Nonobstructive Azoospermia? AJR American journal of roentgenology:1-9. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.18.20816

  13. Jungwirth A, Giwercman A, Tournaye H, Diemer T, Kopa Z, Dohle G, Krausz C (2012) European Association of Urology guidelines on Male Infertility: the 2012 update. European urology 62 (2):324-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.04.048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Winters BR, Walsh TJ (2014) The epidemiology of male infertility. The Urologic clinics of North America 41 (1):195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2013.08.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH (2003) Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 88 (2):622-626. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zou S, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen T, Song P, Chen J, He X, Xu P, Liang M, Luo K, Zhu X, Tian E, Du Q, Wen Z, Li Z, Wang M, Sha Y, Cao Y, Shi Y, Hu H (2014) Association study between polymorphisms of PRMT6, PEX10, SOX5, and nonobstructive azoospermia in the Han Chinese population. Biology of reproduction 90 (5):96. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.116541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yatsenko AN, Georgiadis AP, Ropke A, Berman AJ, Jaffe T, Olszewska M, Westernstroer B, Sanfilippo J, Kurpisz M, Rajkovic A, Yatsenko SA, Kliesch S, Schlatt S, Tuttelmann F (2015) X-linked TEX11 mutations, meiotic arrest, and azoospermia in infertile men. The New England journal of medicine 372 (22):2097-2107. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1406192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Krausz C, Chianese C (2014) Genetic testing and counselling for male infertility. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 21 (3):244-250. https://doi.org/10.1097/med.0000000000000058

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pierik FH, Van Ginneken AM, Dohle GR, Vreeburg JT, Weber RF (2000) The advantages of standardized evaluation of male infertility. International journal of andrology 23 (6):340-346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Beard CM, Benson RC, Jr., Kelalis PP, Elveback LR, Kurland LT (1977) The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974. Mayo Clinic proceedings 52 (1):3-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Paulsen CA, Gordon DL, Carpenter RW, Gandy HM, Drucker WD (1968) Klinefelter’s syndrome and its variants: a hormonal and chromosomal study. Recent progress in hormone research 24:321-363

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nieschlag E (2013) Klinefelter syndrome: the commonest form of hypogonadism, but often overlooked or untreated. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 110 (20):347-353. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0347

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang S, An Y, Li J, Guo J, Zhou G, Li J, Xu Y (2015) Relation between the testicular sperm assay and sex hormone level in patients with azoospermia induced by mumps. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 8 (11):21669-21673

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Esteves SC (2016) Novel concepts in male factor infertility: clinical and laboratory perspectives. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 33 (10):1319-1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-016-0763-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Krausz C, Riera-Escamilla A (2018) Genetics of male infertility. Nature reviews Urology 15 (6):369-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0003-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ferlin A, Arredi B, Speltra E, Cazzadore C, Selice R, Garolla A, Lenzi A, Foresta C (2007) Molecular and clinical characterization of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men: a 10-year experience in Italy. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 92 (3):762-770. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Giachini C, Laface I, Guarducci E, Balercia G, Forti G, Krausz C (2008) Partial AZFc deletions and duplications: clinical correlates in the Italian population. Human genetics 124 (4):399-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-008-0561-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Krausz C, Giachini C, Xue Y, O’Bryan MK, Gromoll J, Rajpert-de Meyts E, Oliva R, Aknin-Seifer I, Erdei E, Jorgensen N, Simoni M, Ballesca JL, Levy R, Balercia G, Piomboni P, Nieschlag E, Forti G, McLachlan R, Tyler-Smith C (2009) Phenotypic variation within European carriers of the Y-chromosomal gr/gr deletion is independent of Y-chromosomal background. Journal of medical genetics 46 (1):21-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.2008.059915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Teng YN, Lin YM, Sun HF, Hsu PY, Chung CL, Kuo PL (2006) Association of DAZL haplotypes with spermatogenic failure in infertile men. Fertility and sterility 86 (1):129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Becherini L, Guarducci E, Degl’Innocenti S, Rotondi M, Forti G, Krausz C (2004) DAZL polymorphisms and susceptibility to spermatogenic failure: an example of remarkable ethnic differences. International journal of andrology 27 (6):375-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2004.00520.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tung JY, Rosen MP, Nelson LM, Turek PJ, Witte JS, Cramer DW, Cedars MI, Pera RA (2006) Variants in Deleted in AZoospermia-Like (DAZL) are correlated with reproductive parameters in men and women. Human genetics 118 (6):730-740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-005-0098-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hu Z, Xia Y, Guo X, Dai J, Li H, Hu H, Jiang Y, Lu F, Wu Y, Yang X, Li H, Yao B, Lu C, Xiong C, Li Z, Gui Y, Liu J, Zhou Z, Shen H, Wang X, Sha J (2011) A genome-wide association study in Chinese men identifies three risk loci for non-obstructive azoospermia. Nature genetics 44 (2):183-186. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Akcan N, Poyrazoglu S, Bas F, Bundak R, Darendeliler F (2018) Klinefelter Syndrome in Childhood: Variability in Clinical and Molecular Findings. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 10 (2):100-107. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.5121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Page DC, Silber S, Brown LG (1999) Men with infertility caused by AZFc deletion can produce sons by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but are likely to transmit the deletion and infertility. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 14 (7):1722-1726. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.7.1722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Heidelbaugh JJ (2016) Endocrinology Update: Testicular Hypogonadism. FP essentials 451:31-41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Salonia A, Rastrelli G, Hackett G, Seminara SB, Huhtaniemi IT, Rey RA, Hellstrom WJG, Palmert MR, Corona G, Dohle GR, Khera M, Chan YM, Maggi M (2019) Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism. Nature reviews Disease primers 5 (1):38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0087-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Gandhi J, Hernandez RJ, Chen A, Smith NL, Sheynkin YR, Joshi G, Khan SA (2017) Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning. Zygote (Cambridge, England) 25 (2):103-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199417000028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bouchard P, Lagoguey M, Brailly S, Schaison G (1985) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile administration restores luteinizing hormone pulsatility and normal testosterone levels in males with hyperprolactinemia. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 60 (2):258-262. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-2-258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Veldhuis JD, Dufau ML (1987) Estradiol modulates the pulsatile secretion of biologically active luteinizing hormone in man. The Journal of clinical investigation 80 (3):631-638. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci113115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. MacAdams MR, White RH, Chipps BE (1986) Reduction of serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Annals of internal medicine 104 (5):648-651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D (2010) Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocrine reviews 31 (5):702-755. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tanriverdi F, Dokmetas HS, Kebapci N, Kilicli F, Atmaca H, Yarman S, Ertorer ME, Erturk E, Bayram F, Tugrul A, Culha C, Cakir M, Mert M, Aydin H, Taskale M, Ersoz N, Canturk Z, Anaforoglu I, Ozkaya M, Oruk G, Hekimsoy Z, Kelestimur F, Erbas T (2014) Etiology of hypopituitarism in tertiary care institutions in Turkish population: analysis of 773 patients from Pituitary Study Group database. Endocrine 47 (1):198-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0127-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Saeger W, Ludecke DK, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Quabbe HJ, Petersenn S (2007) Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry. European journal of endocrinology 156 (2):203-216. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Garre ML, Cama A (2007) Craniopharyngioma: modern concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Current opinion in pediatrics 19 (4):471-479. https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0b013e3282495a22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bergsneider M, Mirsadraei L, Yong WH, Salamon N, Linetsky M, Wang MB, McArthur DL, Heaney AP (2014) The pituitary stalk effect: is it a passing phenomenon? Journal of neuro-oncology 117 (3):477-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-014-1386-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Karstensen HG, Tommerup N (2012) Isolated and syndromic forms of congenital anosmia. Clinical genetics 81 (3):210-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01776.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hardelin JP, Dode C (2008) The complex genetics of Kallmann syndrome: KAL1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROKR2, PROK2, et al. Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation 2 (4-5):181-193. https://doi.org/10.1159/000152034

  48. Dode C, Teixeira L, Levilliers J, Fouveaut C, Bouchard P, Kottler ML, Lespinasse J, Lienhardt-Roussie A, Mathieu M, Moerman A, Morgan G, Murat A, Toublanc JE, Wolczynski S, Delpech M, Petit C, Young J, Hardelin JP (2006) Kallmann syndrome: mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2. PLoS genetics 2 (10):e175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Theas MS (2018) Germ cell apoptosis and survival in testicular inflammation. Andrologia 50 (11):e13083. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jalal H, Bahadur G, Knowles W, Jin L, Brink N (2004) Mumps epididymo-orchitis with prolonged detection of virus in semen and the development of anti-sperm antibodies. Journal of medical virology 73 (1):147-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Liu W, Han R, Wu H, Han D (2018) Viral threat to male fertility. 50 (11):e13140. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Morley JE, Distiller LA, Sagel J, Kok SH, Kay G, Carr P, Katz M (1977) Hormonal changes associated with testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia in patients with leprosy. Clinical endocrinology 6 (4):299-303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fode M, Fusco F, Lipshultz L, Weidner W (2016) Sexually Transmitted Disease and Male Infertility: A Systematic Review. European urology focus 2 (4):383-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hviid A, Rubin S, Muhlemann K (2008) Mumps. Lancet (London, England) 371 (9616):932-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60419-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Manson AL (1990) Mumps orchitis. Urology 36 (4):355-358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Adamopoulos DA, Lawrence DM, Vassilopoulos P, Contoyiannis PA, Swyer GI (1978) Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections. British medical journal 1 (6121):1177-1180. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6121.1177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee PA, Houk CP (2013) Cryptorchidism. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 20 (3):210-216. https://doi.org/10.1097/med.0b013e32835ffc7d

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Muller J, Skakkebaek NE (1984) Abnormal germ cells in maldescended testes: a study of cell density, nuclear size and deoxyribonucleic acid content in testicular biopsies from 50 boys. The Journal of urology 131 (4):730-733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schindler AM, Diaz P, Cuendet A, Sizonenko PC (1987) Cryptorchidism: a morphological study of 670 biopsies. Helvetica paediatrica acta 42 (2-3):145-158

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim MS, Goodarzian F, Keenan MF, Geffner ME, Koppin CM, De Filippo RE, Kokorowski PJ (2017) Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Boys and Young Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. The Journal of urology 197 (3 Pt 2):931-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.09.072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Sweep FC, Blickman JG, Hermus AR, Otten BJ (2007) Prevalence of testicular adrenal rest tumours in male children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. European journal of endocrinology 157 (3):339-344. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Dumic M, Duspara V, Grubic Z, Oguic SK, Skrabic V, Kusec V (2017) Testicular adrenal rest tumors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia-cross-sectional study of 51 Croatian male patients. European journal of pediatrics 176 (10):1393-1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-017-3008-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Stikkelbroeck NM, Suliman HM, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Blickman JG, Jager GJ (2003) Testicular adrenal rest tumours in postpubertal males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: sonographic and MR features. European radiology 13 (7):1597-1603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-002-1786-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Falhammar H, Nystrom HF, Ekstrom U, Granberg S, Wedell A, Thoren M (2012) Fertility, sexuality and testicular adrenal rest tumors in adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. European journal of endocrinology 166 (3):441-449. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-11-0828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Otten BJ, Stikkelbroeck MM, Sweep FC, Hermus AR (2009) Testicular adrenal rest tumours in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 23 (2):209-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Vassallo E, Pullicino R, Grech R, Mizzi A (2014) Bilateral primary testicular lymphoma. BMJ case reports 2014. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-202997

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Kopp RP, Chevinsky M, Bernstein M, Bosl G, Motzer R, Bajorin D, Feldman D, Carver BS, Sheinfeld J (2017) Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in the Era of Multimodal Therapy. Urology 103:154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2016.10.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sedaghatpour D, Berookhim BM (2017) The Role of Varicocele in Male Factor Subfertility. Current urology reports 18 (9):73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-017-0713-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Barratt CLR, Bjorndahl L, De Jonge CJ, Lamb DJ, Osorio Martini F, McLachlan R, Oates RD, van der Poel S, St John B, Sigman M, Sokol R, Tournaye H (2017) The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance-challenges and future research opportunities. Human reproduction update 23 (6):660-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Jensen CFS, Ostergren P, Dupree JM, Ohl DA, Sonksen J, Fode M (2017) Varicocele and male infertility. Nature reviews Urology 14 (9):523-533. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2017.98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Thomas WE, Cooper MJ, Crane GA, Lee G, Williamson RC (1984) Testicular exocrine malfunction after torsion. Lancet (London, England) 2 (8416):1357-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92056-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Jacobsen FM, Rudlang TM (2019) The Impact of Testicular Torsion on Testicular Function. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.190037

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2014A020212480) (Recipient: Jian Guan).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yang Peng and Longyuan Ouyang have contributed equally to this work, and they are co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58 Zhongshanerlu Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

    Yang Peng, Longyuan Ouyang, Zhi Lin, Fan Zhang, Huanjun Wang & Jian Guan

Authors
  1. Yang Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Longyuan Ouyang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhi Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Huanjun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jian Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jian Guan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee (clinical scientific research and experimental animal ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, K0306116) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Peng, Y., Ouyang, L., Lin, Z. et al. MRI findings of nonobstructive azoospermia: lesions in and out of pelvic cavity. Abdom Radiol 45, 2213–2224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02232-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02232-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation