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Plasticity in foraging behaviour and diet buffers effects of inter-annual environmental differences on chick growth and survival in southern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome

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Abstract

In marine ecosystems, primary productivity and consequently food availability for higher trophic levels are often strongly affected by the water temperature. Thus, differences in sea surface temperatures (SST) may lead to differences in the diet composition of predators, but this link is still unknown in many species. By combining GPS tracking and dive analyses on chick-rearing southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) with stable isotope analyses and monitoring of chick growth rates and chick survival, we here attempted a comprehensive assessment of the effects of inter-annual environmental variability as indicated by SST and chlorophyll a (reflecting primary productivity) data. Inter-annual differences in environmental variables around our study colony on New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, contradicted the general expectation, with higher chlorophyll a concentrations coinciding with higher spring SST in 2010/2011 compared to 2009/2010. Penguins foraged further away from the colony during guard and crèche in 2010/2011 compared to 2009/2010, while performing deeper dives in 2009/2010. Stable isotope mixing models suggested a crustacean-dominated chick diet in 2009/2010, compared to a mixture of squid and fish in 2010/2011. These differences in foraging behaviour and diet, however, had no consequences for chick growth rates or chick survival and thus had no apparent effect on population trajectories. Potentially, environmental conditions in both years could still be seen as favourable compared to other years and breeding sites, enabling the parental birds to buffer the environmental differences by plastic foraging behaviour.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the New Island Conservation Trust for permission to work on the island. We thank Ian, Maria and Georgina Strange, Charles Swift, George Guille and Riek van Noordwijk for their support during the field seasons. Thanks also to Nick Rendell, Falkland Islands Government, for logistic help. Martin Wikelski provided the funding for the GPS data loggers and Thomas Mattern a script to calculate dive parameters. Thanks to Gilles Lepoint for carrying out the isotope analyses at the Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège. We thank Karin Sörgel and Anja Luckner for isotope analyses at the IZW. We would like to thank Maud Poisbleau and Anja Matuszak for discussing ideas and methods, and Norman Ratcliffe as well as two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This study was funded by a grant provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (Qu 148/1-ff) and OTEP (Overseas Territories environment Programme: FAL 603). All work was approved by the Falkland Islands Government (Environmental Planning Office).

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  1. Katrin Ludynia

    Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa

  2. Juan F. Masello & Petra Quillfeldt

    Present address: Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany

    Nina Dehnhard, Katrin Ludynia, Juan F. Masello & Petra Quillfeldt

  2. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany

    Nina Dehnhard, Katrin Ludynia, Juan F. Masello & Petra Quillfeldt

  3. Department of Biology – Ethology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium

    Nina Dehnhard

  4. Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany

    Christian C. Voigt

  5. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, UK

    Rona A. R. McGill

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Dehnhard, N., Ludynia, K., Masello, J.F. et al. Plasticity in foraging behaviour and diet buffers effects of inter-annual environmental differences on chick growth and survival in southern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome . Polar Biol 39, 1627–1641 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1887-5

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