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Phylogenetic diversity and dominant ecological traits of freshwater Antarctic Chrysophyceae

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Abstract

Previous studies conducted in summer in the lakes at Hope Bay (Antarctic Peninsula) between 1991 and 2007 showed a large numerical contribution of flagellated Chrysophyceae to the phytoplankton communities, particularly in the oligotrophic lakes, as evidenced by light microscopy observations and molecular fingerprinting. Given the ecological relevance of this group in these Antarctic microbial foodwebs, we carried out further molecular analyses (clone libraries and 18S Illumina high throughput sequencing) to characterize their phylogenetic diversity. The results of this study significantly increased the retrieved Chrysophyceae biodiversity. Clone libraries in two selected lakes (one oligotrophic and one mesotrophic) yielded 12 different chrysophycean OTUs, whereas 81 Swarm OTUs were recovered from six lakes using Illumina HiSeq. With the combination of both methods, we observed sequences of all the chrysophyte known clades, although most of the diversity belonged to Clade D, a group comprising mixotrophic and heterotrophic species. The percentage of reads for this clade in Illumina HiSeq ranged from 30% to 96% of the total Chrysophyceae reads. Based on experiments and observations, we also describe the main ecological traits of this group: the dominant taxa were small pigmented flagellates, well adapted to survive in oligotrophic systems, sometimes abundant under ice-cover subjected to low light intensities, and that have phagotrophic behavior. The used combination of methods allowed us to characterize the biodiversity and ecology of the Chrysophyceae, the dominant phytoplankton group in the oligotrophic lakes of this Maritime Antarctic region.

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Acknowledgements

The Antarctic expeditions were supported by the Dirección Nacional del Antártico (DNA) of Argentina, within the framework of a cooperative project between this institution, University of Buenos Aires and the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM)-CSIC. The investigations were financed by grants of the Argentinean Funds for Technical and Scientific Investigation (FONCYT, PICT 04440 and PICT 32732); the Spanish projects MIXANTAR (REN2002-11396-E/ANT) and MICRODIFF (DGICYT REN2001-2120/MAR) grant SB2001-0166 from the Spanish MECyD; the grant "Atracción de talento investigador" from the Community of Madrid (2017-T1/AMB- 5210); and the Swiss NSF (P2NEP3-178543). We wish to thank the members of the Argentinian Esperanza Station for the logistic support. We also thank Dr. Elie Verleyen and other two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments for improving the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución – IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET) – Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Irina Izaguirre

  2. Laboratorio de Ecología Y Fotobiología Acuática, IIB-INTECH, UNAM-CONICET, Prov. Buenos Aires, Chascomús, Argentina

    Fernando Unrein

  3. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de La Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA, CONICET-UNNOBA), Prov. Buenos Aires, Junín, Argentina

    M. Romina Schiaffino

  4. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid - CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Lara

  5. Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    David Singer

  6. UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université D’Angers, Angers Cedex 1, France

    David Singer

  7. Departament de Biologia Marina I Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Vanessa Balagué, Josep M. Gasol & Ramon Massana

  8. Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research. School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Josep M. Gasol

Authors
  1. Irina Izaguirre
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  2. Fernando Unrein
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  3. M. Romina Schiaffino
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  4. Enrique Lara
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  5. David Singer
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  6. Vanessa Balagué
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  7. Josep M. Gasol
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  8. Ramon Massana
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Contributions

II, FU conceived and designed research, conducted the field work and experiments, performed the clone libraries and wrote the manuscript; MRS and VB contributed with the molecular analyses and their data analyses; EL, DS performed the Illumina data analyses; JG contributed with the research design and with funding; RM performed the phylogenetic analyses, contributed with the research design and with funding. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved it.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Irina Izaguirre.

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Izaguirre, I., Unrein, F., Schiaffino, M.R. et al. Phylogenetic diversity and dominant ecological traits of freshwater Antarctic Chrysophyceae. Polar Biol 44, 941–957 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02850-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02850-3

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