Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Independent effects of ocean warming versus acidification on the growth, survivorship and physiology of two Acropora corals

  • Report
  • Published:
Coral Reefs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Climate change is the greatest threat to coral reef ecosystems. Importantly, gradual changes in seawater chemistry compounds upon increasing temperatures leading to declines in calcification and survivorship of reef-building corals. To assess relative versus synergistic effects of warming versus ocean acidification, Acropora muricata and Acropora hyacinthus were subjected to three temperature treatments (26 °C, 28.5 °C, 31 °C) crossed with three levels of pCO2 (410 μatm, 652 μatm, 934 μatm), representing current, mid and end-of-century scenarios for 12 weeks. Temperature increased gradually in the tanks from 26 °C to target temperatures over 5 weeks. Once stress was evident in the 31 °C (+ 2.5 °C above historical summer max) tanks, water temperature was decreased to normal summertime levels (29 °C) to assess recovery. pCO2 was gradually changed from control values (410 μatm) to target values over a 3 week period where they remained constant until the end of the experiment at 12 weeks. Temperature stress (31 °C) significantly impacted survivorship (90–95% decline), and over the long-term, there was a 50–90% decline in calcification across both coral species. Negative effects of mid and end-of-century pCO2 were largely independent of temperature and caused moderate reductions (36–74%) in calcification rates compared to temperature, over the long-term. Corals that survived temperature stress had higher lipid and protein content, showing that enhanced physiological condition provides an increased capacity to tolerate adverse temperatures. This study demonstrates that given the mortality rates in response to + 2.5 °C temperature stress, warming oceans (as opposed to ocean acidification) throughout the remainder of this century poses the greatest threat to reef-building corals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy. New Phytol 165:351–371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albright R, Mason B, Miller M, Langdon C (2010) Ocean acidification compromises recruitment success of the threatened Caribbean coral Acropora palmata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:20400–20404

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Filip L, Dulvy NK, Gill JA, Côté IM, Watkinson AR (2009) Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proc Biol Sci 276:3019–3025

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KD, Heron SF, Pratchett M (2015) Species-specific declines in the linear extension of branching corals at a subtropical reef, Lord Howe Island. Coral Reefs 34:479–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KD, Cantin NE, Heron SF, Pisapia C, Pratchett MS (2017) Variation in growth rates of branching corals along Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Scientific Rep 7:2920

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KD, Cantin NE, Heron SF, Lough JM, Pratchett MS (2018) Temporal and taxonomic contrasts in coral growth at Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs:1–13

  • Anthony KRN, Kline DI, Diaz-Pulido G, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2008) Ocean Acidification Causes Bleaching and Productivity Loss in Coral Reef Builders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:17442–17446

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Institute of Marine Science (2015) Sea Surface Temperature Data. Long term Monitoring and Data Centre, AIMS, Weather Stations, Davies Reef

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahr KD, Jokiel PL, Rodgers KuS (2016) Relative sensitivity of five Hawaiian coral species to high temperature under high-pCO2 conditions. Coral Reefs 35:729–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Bak RPM, Nieuwland G, Meesters EH (2009) Coral growth rates revisited after 31 years: what is causing lower extension rates in Acropora palmata? Mar Pollut Bull 84:287–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Biscéré T, Zampighi M, Lorrain A, Jurriaans S, Foggo A, Houlbrèque F, Rodolfo-Metalpa R (2019) High pCO2 promotes coral primary production. Biol. Lett. 15:20180777

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham K, Anderson D (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. The University of Chicago Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantin N, van Oppen M, Willis B, Mieog J, Negri A (2009) Juvenile corals can acquire more carbon from high-performance algal symbionts. Coral Reefs 28:405–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantin NE, Cohen AL, Karnauskas KB, Tarrant AM, McCorkle DC (2010) Ocean warming slows coral growth in the central Red Sea. Science 329:322–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan NCS, Connolly SR (2013) Sensitivity of coral calcification to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 19:282–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauvin A, Denis V, Cuet P (2011) Is the response of coral calcification to seawater acidification related to nutrient loading? Coral Reefs 30:911–923

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm JR, Gattuso J-P (1991) Validation of the alkalinity anomaly technique for investigating calcification and photosynthesis in coral reef communities. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1232–1239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clausen CD, Roth AA (1975) Effect of temperature and temperature adaptation on calcification rate in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar Biol 33:93–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AL, Holcomb M (2009) Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism. Oceanogr 22:118–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AL, McCorkle DC, de Putron S, Gaetani GA, Rose KA (2009) Morphological and compositional changes in the skeletons of new coral recruits reared in acidified seawater: Insights into the biomineralization response to ocean acidification. Geochem, Geophys, Geosyst 10:Q07005

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeau S, Cornwall CE, DeCarlo TM, Doo SS, Carpenter RC, McCulloch MT (2019) Resistance to ocean acidification in coral reef taxa is not gained by acclimatization. Nat Climate Change 9:477–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper TF, De ‘ath G, Fabricius KE, Lough JM (2008) Declining coral calcification in massive Porites in two nearshore regions of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Glob Change Biol 14:529–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies PS (1989) Short-term growth measurements of corals using an accurate bouyant weighing technique. Mar Biol 101:389–395

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCarlo TM, Comeau S, Cornwall CE, McCulloch MT (2018) Coral resistance to ocean acidification linked to increased calcium at the site of calcification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285:20180564

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, Huey RB, Sheldon KS, Ghalambor CK, Haak DC, Martin PR (2008) Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proc Nat Acad Sci 105:6668–6672

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson AG, Sabine CL, Christian JR (eds) (2007) Guide to Best Practices For Ocean CO2 Measurements, vol 3, PICES Special Publication, p 191

  • Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (2009) Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem. Ann Rev Mar Sci, pp 169–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donner SD, Skirving WJ, Little CM, Oppenheimer M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2005) Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Glob Change Biol 11:2251–2265

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds PJ, Brown D, Moriarty V (2012) Interactive effects of ocean acidification and temperature on two scleractinian corals from Moorea, French Polynesia. Glob Change Biol 18:2173–2183

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius KE, Langdon C, Uthicke S, Humphrey C, Noonan S, De'Ath G, Okazaki R, Muehllehner N, Glas MS, Lough JM (2011) Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat Clim Chang 1:165–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabricius KE, Noonan SHC, Abrego D, Harrington L, De'ath G (2017) Low recruitment due to altered settlement substrata as primary constraint for coral communities under ocean acidification. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 284:20171536

    Google Scholar 

  • Form AU, Riebesell U (2012) Acclimation to ocean acidification during long-term CO2 exposure in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Glob Change Biol 18:843–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieler K, Meinshausen M, Golly A, Mengel M, Lebek K, Donner SD, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2012) Limiting global warming to 2 C is unlikely to save most coral reefs. Nat Clim Chang

  • Gagliano M, McCormick M, Moore J, Depczynski M (2010) The basics of acidification: baseline variability of pH on Australian coral reefs. Mar Biol 157:1849–1856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Perez M, Gilchrist SL (1985) Lipid decline in stressed corals and their crustacean symbionts. Biol Bull 168:276–284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham NAJ, Jennings S, MacNeil MA, Mouillot D, Wilson SK (2015) Predicting climate-driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs. Nature 518:94–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli AG, Rodrigues LJ, Juarez C (2004) Lipids and stable carbon isotopes in two species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa and Montipora verrucosa, following a bleaching event. Mar Biol 145:621–631

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli AG, Rodrigues LJ, Palardy JE (2006) Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186–1189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli AG, Warner ME, Levas SJ, Aschaffenburg MD, Schoepf V, McGinley M, Baumann J, Matsui Y (2014) The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers. Glob Change Biol 20:3823–3833

    Google Scholar 

  • Grottoli AG, Dalcin Martins P, Wilkins MJ, Johnston MD, Warner ME, Cai W-J, Melman TF, Hoadley KD, Pettay DT, Levas S, Schoepf V (2018) Coral physiology and microbiome dynamics under combined warming and ocean acidification. PLoS one 13:e0191156

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey BP, Gwynn-Jones D, Moore PJ (2013) Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecol Evol 3:1016–1030

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318:1737–1742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogenboom MO, Connolly SR, Anthony KRN (2011) Biotic and abiotic correlates of tissue quality for common scleractinian corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 438:119–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogenboom MO, Campbell DA, Beraud E, DeZeeuw K, Ferrier-Pagès C (2012) Effects of light, food availability and temperature stress on the function of photosystem II and photosystem I of coral symbionts. PLoS one 7:e30167

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes TP, Barnes ML, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cumming GS, Jackson JBC, Kleypas J, van de Leemput IA, Lough JM, Morrison TH, Palumbi SR, van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2017) Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes TP, Anderson KD, Connolly SR, Heron SF, Kerry JT, Lough JM, Baird AH, Baum JK, Berumen ML, Bridge TC, Claar DC, Eakin CM, Gilmour JP, Graham NAJ, Harrison H, Hobbs JPA, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom M, Lowe RJ, McCulloch MT, Pandolfi JM, Pratchett M, Schoepf V, Torda G, Wilson SK (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359:80-+

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes TP, Kerry JT, Baird AH, Connolly SR, Dietzel A, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Liu G, McWilliam MJ, Pears RJ, Pratchett MS, Skirving WJ, Stella JS, Torda G (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556:492-+

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias-Prieto R, Matta JL, Robins WA, Trench RK (1992) Photosynthetic Response to Elevated Temperature in the Symbiotic Dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in Culture. Proc Na Acad Sci U S A 89:10302–10305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I, II and III to the Firth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R. K. Pacharui and L.A. Meyers (eds.)] IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.

  • Jin YK, Lundgren P, Lutz A, Raina J-B, Howells EJ, Paley AS, Willis BL, van Oppen MJH (2016) Genetic markers for antioxidant capacity in a reef-building coral. Sci Adv 2:e1500842

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jokiel PL (2013) Coral reef calcification: carbonate, bicarbonate and proton flux under conditions of increasing ocean acidification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280:20130031

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Larkum A, Schreiber U (1998) Temperature-induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of the CO2 fixation mechanism in zooxanthellae. Plant Cell Environ 21:1219–1230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jury CP, Whitehead RF, Szmant AM (2010) Effects of variations in carbonate chemistry on the calcification rates of Madracis auretenra (= Madracis mirabilis sensu Wells, 1973): bicarbonate concentrations best predict calcification rates. Glob Chang Biol 16:1632–1644

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaniewska P, Campbell PR, Kline DI, Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Miller DJ, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2012) Major cellular and physiological impacts of ocean acidification on a reef building coral. PloS one 7:e34659

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kleypas JA, Yates KK (2009) Coral reefs and acean acidification. Oceanography 22:108–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornder NA, Riegl BM, Figueiredo J (2018) Thresholds and drivers of coral calcification responses to climate change. Global Change Biology 24:5084–5095

    Google Scholar 

  • Krief S, Hendy EJ, Fine M, Yam R, Meibom A, Foster GL, Shemesh A (2010) Physiological and isotopic responses of scleractinian corals to ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:4988–5001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim RN, Singh GG (2010) Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol Lett 13:1419–1434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R, Hendriks IE, Ramajo L, Singh GS, Duarte CM, Gattuso JP (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Change Biol 19:1884–1896

    Google Scholar 

  • Langdon C, Atkinson MJ (2005) Effect of elevated pCO2 on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment. J Geophys Res 110:C09S07

    Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq N, Gattuso J-P, Jaubert J (2002) Primary production, respiration, and calcification of a coral reef mesocosm under increased CO2 partial pressure. Limn Oceanogr 47:558–564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levas S, Grottoli AG, Warner ME, Cai W-J, Bauer J, Schoepf V, Baumann JH, Matsui Y, Gearing C, Melman TF (2015) Organic carbon fluxes mediated by corals at elevated pCO2 and temperature. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 519:153–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G, Strong AE, Skirving W (2003) Remote sensing of sea surface temperatures during 2002 Barrier Reef coral bleaching. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 84:137–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Long SP, Humphries S, Falkowski PG (1994) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in nature. Annu Rev Plant Biol 45:633–662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall PA, Baird AH (2000) Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19:155–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall AT, Clode P (2004) Calcification rate and the effect of temperature in a zooxanthellate and an azooxanthellate scleractinian reef coral. Coral Reefs 23:218–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Marubini F, Ferrier-Pages C, Cuif J-P (2003) Suppression of skeletal trowth in scleractinian corals by decreasing ambient carbonate-ion concentration: A cross-family comparison. Proc Biol Sci 270:179–184

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch M, Falter J, Trotter J, Montagna P (2012) Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation. Nature Clim Change 2:623–627

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muscatine L, McCloskey L, Marian R (1981) Estimating the daily contribution of carbon from zooxanthellae to coral animal respiration. Limn Oceanogr 26:601–611

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palardy JE, Rodrigues LJ, Grottoli AG (2008) The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 367:180–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palumbi SR, Barshis DJ, Traylor-Knowles N, Bay RA (2014) Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344:895–898

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinherio J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, Team RC (2015) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects model. R package version 3, 131

  • Porter JW, Fitt WK, Spero HJ, Rogers CS, White MW (1989) Bleaching in reef corals: Physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proc Nat Acad Sci 86:9342–9346

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team R (2015) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Renema W, Pandolfi JM, Kiessling W, Bosellini FR, Klaus JS, Korpanty C, Rosen BR, Santodomingo N, Wallace CC, Webster JM, Johnson KG (2016) Are coral reefs victims of their own past success? Science Advances 2

  • Reynaud S, Leclercq N, Romaine-Lioud S, Ferrier-Pages C, Jaubert J, Gattuso JP (2003) Interacting effects of CO2 partial pressure and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification in a scleractinian coral. Glob Chang Biol 9:1660–1668

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynaud S, Ferrier-Pagès C, Meibom A, Mostefaoui S, Mortlock R, Fairbanks R, Allemand D (2007) Light and temperature effects on Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in the scleractinian coral Acropora sp. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71:354–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Peirano A, Houlbrèque F, Abbate M, Ferrier-Pagès C (2008) Effects of temperature, light and heterotrophy on the growth rate and budding of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa. Coral Reefs 27:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodolfo-Metalpa R, Houlbreque F, Tambutte E, Boisson F, Baggini C, Patti FP, Jeffree R, Fine M, Foggo A, Gattuso JP, Hall-Spencer JM (2011) Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming. Nature Clim Change 1:308–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues LJ, Grottoli AG (2007) Energy Reserves and Metabolism as Indicators of Coral Recovery from Bleaching. Limnol Oceanogr 52:1874–1882

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider K, Erez J (2006) The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma. Limnol Oceanogr 51:1284–1293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepf V, Grottoli AG, Warner ME, Cai W-J, Melman TF, Hoadley KD, Pettay DT, Hu X, Li Q, Xu H (2013) Coral energy reserves and calcification in a high-CO2 world at two temperatures. PloS one 8:e75049

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepf V, Jury CP, Toonen RJ, McCulloch MT (2017) Coral calcification mechanisms facilitate adaptive responses to ocean acidification. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 284:20172117

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalding MD, Brown BE (2015) Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350:769–771

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stimson JS (1987) Location, Quantity and Rate of Change in Quantity of Lipids in Tissue of Hawaiian Hermatypic Corals. Bull Mar Sci 41:889–904

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambutté S, Holcomb M, Ferrier-Pagès C, Reynaud S, Tambutté É, Zoccola D, Allemand D (2011) Coral biomineralization: From the gene to the environment. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 408:58–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill DJ, Rotjan RD, Todd BD, Chilcoat GC, Iglesias-Prieto R, Kemp DW, LaJeunesse TC, Reynolds JM, Schmidt GW, Shannon T, Warner ME, Fitt WK (2011) A Connection between Colony Biomass and Death in Caribbean Reef-Building Corals. PLoS One 6:e29535

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Venn A, Tambutté E, Holcomb M, Allemand D, Tambutté S (2011) Live tissue imaging shows reef corals elevate pH under their calcifying tissue relative to seawater. PLoS ONE 6:e20013

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (1986) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, N.S.W

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thanks the staff from the MV James Kirby, Andrea Severati and all the SeaSim staff, as well as all volunteers in field and laboratory. Special thanks to J. Finn and B. Vanoverbeke for helping implement the experiment. This study was supported and funded by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University and the Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Kristen D. Anderson & Morgan S. Pratchett

  2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville MC, PMB 3, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia

    Kristen D. Anderson & Neal E. Cantin

  3. PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France

    Jordan M. Casey

  4. Laboratoire D’Excellence “CORAIL”, Perpignan, France

    Jordan M. Casey

Authors
  1. Kristen D. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neal E. Cantin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jordan M. Casey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Morgan S. Pratchett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristen D. Anderson.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Topic Editor Simon Davy

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1367 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anderson, K.D., Cantin, N.E., Casey, J.M. et al. Independent effects of ocean warming versus acidification on the growth, survivorship and physiology of two Acropora corals. Coral Reefs 38, 1225–1240 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01864-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01864-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation