Abstract
Refractive index matching has become a popular technique for facilitating applications of modern optical diagnostic techniques, such as particle image velocimetry, in complex systems. By matching the refractive index of solid boundaries with that of the liquid, unobstructed optical paths can be achieved for illumination and image acquisition. In this research note, we extend previously provided data for the refractive index of aqueous solutions of sodium iodide (NaI) for concentrations reaching the temperature-dependent solubility limit. Results are fitted onto a quadratic empirical expression relating the concentration to the refractive index. Temperature effects are also measured. The present range of indices, 1.333–1.51, covers that of typical transparent solids, from silicone elastomers to several recently introduced materials that could be manufactured using rapid prototyping. We also review briefly previous measurements of the refractive index, viscosity, and density of NaI solutions, as well as prior research that has utilized this fluid.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulagatov IM, Zeinalova AB, Azizov ND (2006) Viscosity of aqueous electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and high pressure. Viscosity B-coefficient. Sodium iodide. J Chem Eng Data 51:1645–1659
Adrian RJ, Westweel J (2011) Particle image velocimetry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Averbakh A, Shauly A, Nir A, Semiat R (1997) Slow viscous flows of highly concentrated suspensions—part I: laser-Doppler velocimetry in rectangular ducts. Int J Multiph Flow 23(3):409–424
Budwig R (1994) Refractive index matching methods for liquid flow investigations. Exp Fluids 17(5):350–355
Chen RC (1991) Experimental and numerical studies of solid–liquid multiphase flow in pipes. PhD Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University
Chen RC, Reese J, Fan LS (1994) Flow structure in a three-dimensional bubble column and three-phase fluidized bed. AIChE J 40(7):1093–1104
Goldsack DE, Franchetto RC (1977) The viscosity of concentrated electrolyte solutions. I. Concentrated dependence at fixed temperature. Can J Chem 55:1062–1072
Goldsack DE, Franchetto RC (1978) The viscosity of concentrated electrolyte solutions. II. Temperature dependence. Can J Chem 56:1442–1450
Hong J, Katz J, Schultz MP (2011) Near-wall turbulence statistics and flow structures over 3D roughness in a turbulent channel flow. J Fluid Mech 667:1–37
Jiang J, Sandler S (2003) A new model for the viscosity of electrolyte solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 42:6267–6272
Kacperska A, Taniewska-Osinska S, Bald A, Szejgis A (1989) Influence of ionic association on the B coefficient of the Jones–Dole equation for NaI in water-tert-butyl alcohol mixtures at 26 °C. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 85:4147–4155
Lengyel S, Giber J, Holderit J, Tamas J (1964) Study of viscosity of aqueous alkali halide solutions. J Acta Chim Hung 40:125–143
Narrow TL, Yoda M, Abdel-Khalik SI (2000) A simple model for the refractive index of sodium iodide aqueous solutions. Exp Fluids 28(3):282–283
Northrup MA, Kulp TJ, Angel SM (1991) Fluorescent particle image velocimetry: application to flow measurement in refractive index-matched porous-media. Appl Opt 30(21):3034–3040
Okumra M, Yuki K, Hashizume H, Sagara A (2005) Evaluation of flow structure in packed-bed tube by visualization experiment. Fusion Sci Technol 47(4):1089–1093
Parker J, Merati P (1996) An investigation of turbulent Taylor–Couette flow using laser doppler velocimetry in a refractive index matched facility. J Fluids Eng Trans ASME 118(4):810–818
Shida S, Kosukegawa H, Ohta M (2011) Development of a methodology for adaptation of refractive index under controlling kinematic viscosity for PIV. In: Proceedings of the ASME, Colorado USA
Stoots C, Becker S, Condie K, Durst F, McEligot D (2001) A large-scale matched index of refraction flow facility for LDA studies around complex geometries. Exp Fluids 30:391–398
Talapatra S, Katz J (2012) Coherent structures in the inner part of a rough-wall channel flow resolved using holographic PIV. J Fluid Mech 711:161–170
Uzol O, Chow YC, Katz J, Meneveau C (2002) Unobstructed particle image velocimetry measurements within an axial turbo-pump using liquid and blades with matched refractive indices. Exp Fluids 33(6):909–919
Wiederseiner S, Andreini N, Epely-Chauvin G, Ancey C (2011) Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review. Exp Fluids 50(5):1183–1206
Wildman DJ, Ekmann JM, Kadambi JR, Chen RC (1992) Study of the flow properties of slurries using the refractive index matching technique LDV. Powder Technol 73(3):211–218
Wu HX, Miorini RL, Katz J (2011) Measurements of the tip leakage vortex structures and turbulence in the meridional plane of an axial water-jet pump. Exp Fluids 50(4):989–1003
Yousif MY, Holdsworth DW, Poepping TL (2011) A blood-mimicking fluid for particle image velocimetry with silicone vascular models. Exp Fluids 50:769–774
Yuki K, Okumura M, Hashizume H, Toda S, Morley NB, Sagara A (2008) Flow visualization and heat transfer characteristics for sphere-packed pipes. J Thermophys Heat Transf 22(4):632–648
Zaytsev ID, Aseyev MA (1992) Properties of aqueous solutions of electrolyte. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Zerai B, Saylor BZ, Kadambi JR, Oliver MJ, Mazaheri AR, Ahmadi G, Bromhal GS, Smith DH (2005) Flow characterization through a network cell using particle image velocimetry. Transp Porous Media 60:159–181
Acknowledgments
We thank Cao Zhang and Dr. Yury Ronzhes for their help during the measurement, Robert Blakely for lending us the circulator bath, and Dr. Jiarong Hong for useful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, K., Katz, J. On the refractive index of sodium iodide solutions for index matching in PIV. Exp Fluids 55, 1704 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1704-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1704-x