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Demography, genetics, and decline of a spatially structured population of lekking bird

  • Population ecology – original research
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Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms underlying population decline is a critical challenge for conservation biologists. Both deterministic (e.g. habitat loss, fragmentation, and Allee effect) and stochastic (i.e. demographic and environmental stochasticity) demographic processes are involved in population decline. Simultaneously, a decrease of population size has far-reaching consequences for genetics of populations by increasing the risk of inbreeding and the strength of genetic drift, which together inevitably results in a loss of genetic diversity and a reduced effective population size (\(N_{{\text{e}}}\)). These genetic factors may retroactively affect vital rates (a phenomenon coined ‘inbreeding depression’), reduce population growth, and accelerate demographic decline. To date, most studies that have examined the demographic and genetic processes driving the decline of wild populations have neglected their spatial structure. In this study, we examined demographic and genetic factors involved in the decline of a spatially structured population of a lekking bird, the western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). To address this issue, we collected capture-recapture and genetic data over a 6-years period in the Vosges Mountains (France). Our study showed that the population of T. urogallus experienced a severe decline between 2010 and 2015. We did not detect any Allee effect on survival and recruitment. By contrast, individuals of both sexes dispersed to avoid small subpopulations, thus suggesting a potential behavioral response to a mate finding Allee effect. In parallel to this demographic decline, the population showed low levels of genetic diversity, high inbreeding and low effective population sizes at both subpopulation and population levels. Despite this, we did not detect evidence of inbreeding depression: neither adult survival nor recruitment were affected by individual inbreeding level. Our study underlines the benefit from combining demographic and genetic approaches to investigate processes that are involved in population decline.

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Acknowledgements

The genetic monitoring of capercaillie in the Vosges Mountains was funded by the Life+ Project “Des Forêts pour le Grand tetras”, by the Natura2000 network and by the regional programme of the Capercaillie National Action Plan initiated by the French Ministry of Environment. The project largely relied on the work of volunteers who collected samples during the six years of the study: Antoine Andre, Didier Arseguel, Samuel Audinot, Alix Badre, Etienne Barbier, Dominique Becker, Bernard Binetruy, Frédéric Bocquenet, Noémie Castaing, Sebastien Coulette, Stéphane Damervalle, Luc Dauphin, Richard Delaunay, Lucile Demaret, Michel Despoulin, Laurent Domergue, Vincent Drillon, Christian Dronneau, Fabien Dupont, Arnaud Foltzer, Patrick Foltzer, Marc Gehin, Cyril Gerard, Maxime Girardin, Remi Grandemange, Jean-Claude Gregy, Joaquim Hatton, Thibaut Hingray, Thierry Hue, Arnaud Hurstel, Jean-Nöel Journot, Fabien Kilque, Lydie Lallement, Christian Lamboley, Manuel Lembke, Jean-Michel Letz, Vincent Lis, Olivier Marchand, Paul Massard, Yvan Mougel, Michel Munier, Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Yvan Nicolas, Christian Oberle, Pascal Perrotey-Doridant, Christian Philipps, François Rey-Demaneuf, Dorian Toussaint, Jean-Marie Triboulot, Bruno Vaxelaire, Laurent Verard, Jean-Lou Zimmermann, and Alice Zimmermann. During the writing of the manuscript, Hugo Cayuela was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Number 31003A_182265).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Hugo Cayuela & Martin Laporte

  2. Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Hugo Cayuela & Jérôme M.W. Gippet

  3. Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UMR 5321), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Moulis, France

    Jérôme G. Prunier

  4. Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Laurent Boualit, Francesco Foletti & Gwenaël Jacob

  5. Groupe Tétras Vosges, Maison du Parc, 1, cour de l’Abbaye, 68140, Munster, France

    François Guérold & Alain Laurent

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  1. Hugo Cayuela
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  2. Jérôme G. Prunier
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  3. Martin Laporte
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  4. Jérôme M.W. Gippet
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  5. Laurent Boualit
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  6. François Guérold
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  7. Alain Laurent
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  8. Francesco Foletti
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  9. Gwenaël Jacob
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Contributions

HC and GJ conceived and designed the study. FG and AL collected the data. HC, JGP, ML, JG, FF, and BL managed and analyzed the genetic and demographic data. HC wrote the manuscript; other authors provided editorial advice.

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Correspondence to Hugo Cayuela.

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Communicated by Hannu Pöysä.

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Cayuela, H., Prunier, J.G., Laporte, M. et al. Demography, genetics, and decline of a spatially structured population of lekking bird. Oecologia 195, 117–129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04808-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04808-4

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