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Association of postoperative fluid overload with adverse outcomes after congenital heart surgery: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

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Abstract

Background

Pediatric cardiac surgery is commonly associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) and significant fluid retention, which complicate postoperative management and lead to increased rates of morbidity. This meta-analysis aimed to accumulate current literature evidence and evaluate the correlation of fluid overload degree with adverse outcome in patients undergoing congenital heart surgery.

Methods

Medline, Scopus, CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception. All studies reporting the effects of fluid overload on postoperative clinical outcomes were selected. A dose-response meta-analytic method using restricted cubic splines was implemented in R-3.6.1.

Results

Twelve studies were included, with a total of 3111 pediatric patients. Qualitative synthesis indicated that fluid overload was linked to significantly higher risk of mortality, AKI, prolonged hospital, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, as well as with increased duration of mechanical ventilation, inotrope need, and infection rate. Meta-analysis demonstrated a linear correlation between fluid overload and the risk of mortality (χ2 = 6.22, p value = 0.01) and AKI (χ2 = 35.84, p value < 0.001), while a positive curvilinear relationship was estimated for the outcomes of hospital (χ2 = 18.84, p value = 0.0001) and ICU stay (χ2 = 63.69, p value = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis supports that postoperative fluid overload is significantly linked to elevated risk of prolonged hospital stay, AKI development, and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These findings warrant replication by future prospective studies, which should define the optimal cutoff values and assess the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies to limit fluid overload in the postoperative setting.

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  1. Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, Athens University Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Ioannis Bellos, Dimitrios C. Iliopoulos & Despina N. Perrea

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  1. Ioannis Bellos
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  2. Dimitrios C. Iliopoulos
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Contributions

Conception and design: I. Bellos, D.C. Iliopoulos. Analysis and interpretation of the data: I. Bellos, D.N. Perrea. Drafting of the article: I. Bellos, D.C. Iliopoulos. Critical revision for important intellectual content: D.N. Perrea. Final approval of the article: I. Bellos, D.C. Iliopoulos, D.N. Perrea. Statistical expertise: I. Bellos. Collection and assembly of data: I. Bellos, D.C. Iliopoulos.

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Correspondence to Ioannis Bellos.

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Not applicable. This research was done without patient involvement. Patients were not invited to comment on the study design and were not consulted to develop patient-relevant outcomes or interpret the results. Patients were not invited to contribute to the writing or editing of this document for readability or accuracy.

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Bellos, I., Iliopoulos, D.C. & Perrea, D.N. Association of postoperative fluid overload with adverse outcomes after congenital heart surgery: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 35, 1109–1119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04489-4

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