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Baseline creatinine determination method impacts association between acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes

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Abstract

Background

Current consensus definition for acute kidney injury (AKI) does not specify how baseline serum creatinine should be determined. We assessed how baseline determination impacted AKI incidence and association between AKI and clinical outcomes.

Methods

We retrospectively applied empirical (measured serum creatinine) and imputed (age/height) baseline estimation methods to pediatric patients discharged between 2014 and 2019 from an academic hospital. Using each method, we estimated AKI incidence and assessed area under ROC curve (AUROC) for AKI as a predictor of three clinical outcomes: application of AKI billing code (proxy for more clinically overt disease), inpatient mortality, and post-hospitalization chronic kidney disease.

Results

Incidence was highly variable across baseline methods (12.2–26.7%). Incidence was highest when lowest pre-admission creatinine was used if available and Schwartz bedside equation was used to impute one otherwise. AKI was more predictive of application of an AKI billing code when baseline was imputed universally, regardless of pre-admission values (AUROC 80.7–84.9%) than with any empirical approach (AUROC 64.5–76.6%). AKI was predictive of post-hospitalization CKD when using universal imputation baseline methods (AUROC 67.0–74.6%); AKI was not strongly predictive of post-hospitalization CKD when using empirical baseline methods (AUROC 46.4–58.5%). Baseline determination method did not affect the association between AKI and inpatient mortality.

Conclusions

Method of baseline determination influences AKI incidence and association between AKI and clinical outcomes, illustrating the need for standard criteria. Imputing baseline for all patients, even when preadmission creatinine is available, may identify a more clinically relevant subset of the disease.

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Data and materials

Not applicable.

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Author information

Author notes

  1. David Scheinker and Scott M. Sutherland are co-senior authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    W. Alton Russell & David Scheinker

  2. Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    David Scheinker & Scott M. Sutherland

  3. Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    David Scheinker

  4. Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    David Scheinker

  5. Division of Nephrology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room G-306, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA

    Scott M. Sutherland

Authors
  1. W. Alton Russell
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  2. David Scheinker
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  3. Scott M. Sutherland
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Contributions

WAR collected and analyzed the data and drafted and revised the manuscript. SMS conceived of the analysis, advised on methods, and critically revised the manuscript. DS advised on methods and critically revised the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Scott M. Sutherland.

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Conflict of interest

DS is an advisor to Carta Healthcare, a healthcare analytics company. WAR and SMS report no relevant conflicts of interest.

Ethics/consent

Research using retrospective patient data was obtained through routine care performed with waiver of consent.

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Upon acceptance, we will upload all code to an open, DOI-indexed online repository.

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Russell, W.A., Scheinker, D. & Sutherland, S.M. Baseline creatinine determination method impacts association between acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol 36, 1289–1297 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04789-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04789-9

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