Abstract
Key message
Black spruce ecotypes exhibit temperature-adapted bud burst, while bud set is independent of temperature. Warmer conditions could advance bud burst, but no direct effect is expected for bud set
Abstract
Phenological adjustment is a key adaptive trait closely associated with the environment. Species spreading over a wide geographical range can evolve ecotypes that are able to grow and reproduce under particular local conditions. We compared the thermal conditions during bud phenology in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] populations to assess the differences among ecotypes. The phases of bud burst and bud set were monitored weekly during 2015, 2017 and 2018 in saplings growing in a common garden, and originating from a latitudinal range across the whole closed boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Provenances from the northern sites exhibited both earlier bud burst and bud set, with differences of 8 and 11 days, respectively, between the northern and southern provenances. Bud burst occurred under colder temperatures in provenances from the northern sites. The phase of open bud occurred at 4 °C in the northernmost provenance, compared to 8 °C in the southernmost one. Bud set occurred in summer, when temperatures still exceeded 20 °C, and no difference was observed between provenances. Black spruce populations exhibit a clear clinal differentiation in ecotypes showing temperature-adapted bud burst of the apical meristem. The need to complete formation of the winter bud and hardening before autumn leads bud set to being independent of the air temperature. Warmer conditions can affect the timings of spring phenology by anticipating bud burst in black spruce, although no direct effect may be expected for bud set.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Forêt d’Enseignement et de Recherche Simoncouche, and the Fondation de l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. A. Usmani received a scholarship from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work was also funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41861124001, 41661144007), the International Collaborative Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (GJHZ1752), and CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (Grant no. 2019VBA0049) and Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0408). The authors thank I. Allie, I. Froment, V. Néron, L. Balducci for technical support, H. Husnain Nawaz for reading the manuscript, and A. Garside for editing the English text.
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Usmani, A., Silvestro, R., Zhang, S. et al. Ecotypic differentiation of black spruce populations: temperature triggers bud burst but not bud set. Trees 34, 1313–1321 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01999-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01999-4