Abstract
Industrial activities are a significant source of metals released into the environment, and it is important to understand their impact. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological and human health risks caused by Cr and Ni in sediments from the industrial marine area in Aydinli Bay, Istanbul, Turkey over five years (2016–2020) with its tributaries including the Marmara Sea and river connections. In this process, some physico- and geochemical properties of sediments, and ecological and human health risks caused by Cr and Ni in sediment were evaluated. Between 2016–2020, the mean concentrations of Cr and Ni changed 4.8 ± 1.6–67.6 ± 32.1 µg/g and 6.9 ± 2.0–8.5 ± 2.3 µg/g, 44.5 ± 69.5–211.1 ± 143.2 µg/g and 5.4 ± 3.4–20.5 ± 15.0 µg/g and 9.3 ± 4.8–81.7 ± 60.8 µg/g and 13.6 ± 2.8–19.3 ± 8.8 µg/g in the bay, the Marmara Sea, and river connections, respectively. The statistical results also indicated that the levels of Cr and Ni correlated with pH, organic matters, and inorganic carbon rather than calcium and magnesium. The geoaccumulation risk index of metals in all three sampling areas were categorized as no contamination, except for 2019 and 2020. Moreover, the contamination factors changed in a wide range from low contaminations to high contaminations. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks from two exposure pathways (ingestion and dermal contact) were characterized and indicated no adverse heath effect on adults. On the other hand, the results of ecological and health risk assessments also showed that the Cr and Ni contamination was lower in Aydinli Bay compared to the Marmara Sea and the river connections. These results gave a strong indication that ecosystem-based protection, control and management are neccessary in this region.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Algan O, Balkıs N, Çağatay MN, Sarı E (2004) The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea Turkey. Environ Geol 46:932–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1104-2
Amarathunga U, Diyabalanage S, Bandara UGC, Chandrajith R (2019) Environmental factors controlling arsenic mobilization from sandy shallow coastal aquifer sediments in the Mannar Island Sri Lanka. Appl Geochem 100:152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.11.011
Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Moradi M, Pasalari H, Mehrizi EA, Taghizadeh F, Esmaili A, Ansarizadeh M (2019) The effect of land use configurations on concentration, spatial distribution, and ecological risk of heavy metals in coastal sediments of northern part along the Persian Gulf. Sci Total Environ 653:783–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.009
Bakak Ö, Küçüksezgin F, Özel FE (2020) Assessment of element concentrations in surface sediment samples from Sığacık Bay (eastern Aegean). Turk J Earth Sci 29:1154–1166. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2002-15
Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik AE (2020) A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province Turkey. Chemosphere 241:125015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015
Baran A, Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Gondek K, Tarnawski M, Szara M, Gorczyca O, Koniarz T (2019) The influence of the quantity and quality of sediment organic matter on the potential mobility and toxicity of trace elements in bottom sediment. Environ Geochem Health 41(6):2893–2910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00359-7
Bartoli G, Papa S, Sagnella E, Fioretto A (2012) Heavy metal content in sediments along the Calore river: relationships with physical-chemical characteristics. J Environ Manage 95:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.02.013
Bayon G, Pierre C, Etoubleau J, Voisset M, Cauquil E, Marsset T, Sultan N, Le Drezen E, Fouquet Y (2007) Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in Niger Delta sediments: Implications for authigenic carbonate genesis in cold seep environments. Mar Geol 241(1–4):93–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.03.007
Baysal A, Akman S (2018) Assessment of chromium and nickel levels in surface sea waters and sediments from industrial marine area in Tuzla Aydinli Bay Istanbul Turkey. Mar Pollut Bull 130:293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.033
Deng M, Yang X, Dai X, Zhang Q, Malik A, Sadeghpour A (2020) Heavy metal pollution risk assessments and their transportation in sediment and overlay water for the typical Chinese reservoirs. Ecol Indic 112:106166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106166
Ediagbonya TF, Balogun OT (2020) Potential risk assessment and spatial distribution of elemental concentrations in sediment. Appl Water Sci 10:176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01260-w
Elbehiry F, Elbasiouny H, El-Ramady H, Brevik EC (2019) Mobility, distribution, and potential risk assessment of selected trace elements in soils of the Nile Delta Egypt. Environ Monit Assess 191(12):713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7892-3
Forero López AD, Villagran DM, Fernandez EM, Spetter CV, Buzzi NS, Fernández Severini MD (2021) Chromium behavior in a highly urbanized coastal area (Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina). Mar Pollut Bull 165:112093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112093
Gao X, Chen CTA (2012) Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay. Water Res 46(6):1901–1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.007
Hoang HG, Lin C, Tran HT, Chiang CF, Bui XT, Cheruiyot NK, Shern CC, Lee CW (2020) Heavy metal contamination trends in surface water and sediments of a river in a highly-industrialized region. Environ Technol Innov 20:101043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101043
Jiménez-Oyola S, Escobar Segovia K, García-Martínez MJ, Ortega M, Bolonio D, García-Garizabal I, Salgado B (2021a) Human health risk assessment for exposure to potentially toxic elements in polluted rivers in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Water 13:613. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050613
Jiménez-Oyola S, García-Martínez MJ, Ortega MF et al (2021b) Ecological and probabilistic human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in river sediments affected by mining activities in Ecuador. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00935-w
Kadhum SA, Ishak MY, Zulkifli SZ, Hashim RB (2015) Evaluation of the status and distributions of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Langat River Basin in Selangor Malaysia. Mar Pollut Bull 101(1):391–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.012
Kanbar HJ, Le Tran T, Olajos F et al (2021) Tracking mineral and geochemical characteristics of Holocene Lake sediments: the case of Hotagen, west-central Sweden. J Soils Sediments 21:3150–3168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03012-y
Kara M, Dumanoglu Y, Altiok H, Elbir T, Odabasi M, Bayram A (2015) Spatial variation of trace elements in seawater and sediment samples in a heavily industrialized region. Environ Earth Sci 73:405–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3434-z
Khan MZH, Hasan MR, Khan M, Aktar S, Fatema K (2017) Distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Bay of Bengal Coast. J Toxicol 2017:9235764. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9235764
Khan WR, Zulkifli SZ, Bin Mohamad Kasim MR et al (2020) risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in sediments of Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve. Trop Conserv Sci 13:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082920933122
Kucuksezgin F, Kontaş A, Uluturhan E (2011) Evaluations of heavy metal pollution in the sediment and Mullus barbatus from the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean) during 1997–2009. Mar Pollut Bullet 62(7):1562–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.012
Kusin FM, Azani NNM, Hasan SNMS, Sulong NA (2018) Distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in surface sediments of heavily-mined area for bauxite ore in Pengerang, Malaysia and associated risk assessment. CATENA 165:454–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.02.029
Louhi A, Hammadi A, Achouri M (2012) Determination of some heavy metal pollutants in sediments of the Seybouse River in Annaba. Algeria Air Soil Water Res 5:91–101. https://doi.org/10.4137/ASWR.S10081
Malea P, Mylona Z, Panteris E, Kevrekidis DP, Kevrekidis T (2021) Nickel uptake kinetics and its structural and physiological impacts in the seagrass Halophila stipulacea. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111386
Mortuza MG, Al-Misned FA (2017) Environmental contamination and assessment of heavy metals in water, sediments and shrimp of Red Sea Coast of Jizan, Saudi Arabia. J Aquatic Pollut Toxicol 1:1–8
Pekey H (2006) Heavy metal pollution assessment in sediments of the Izmıt Bay Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 123:219–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9192-y
Peng JF, Song YH, Yuan P, Cui XY, Qiu GL (2009) The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. J Hazard Mater 161(2–3):633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061
Riba I, DelValls TA, Forja JM, Gómez-Parra A (2004) The influence of pH and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals in sediment to the estuarine clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(5):1100–1107. https://doi.org/10.1897/023-601
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2003) Composition of the continental crust. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on Geochemistry, vol 3. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 1–64
Siddiqui E, Pandey J (2019) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water and surface sediment and evaluation of ecological risks associated with sediment contamination in the Ganga River: a basin-scale study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(11):10926–10940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04495-6
Singh H, Pandey R, Kumar Singh S, Shukla DN (2017) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the River Ghaghara, a major tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India. Appl Water Sci 7:4133–4149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0572-y
Tang W, Shan B, Zhang H, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Ding Y, Rong N, Zhu X (2014) Heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of representative limnetic ecosystems in Eastern China. Sci Rep 4(7152):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07152
Tao Y, Dan D, Chengda H, Qiujin X, Fengchang W (2016) Response of sediment calcium and magnesium species to the regional acid deposition in eutrophic Taihu Lake China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(22):22489–22499
Xie Z, Zhang H, Zhao X, Du Z, Xiang L, Wang W (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination and wetland management in a newly created coastal natural reserve China. J Coast Res 32(2):374–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7365-y
Yalcin MG, Nyamsari DG, Ozer AO et al (2022) Chemical and statistical characterization of beach sand sediments: implication for natural and anthropogenic origin and paleo-environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:1335–1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03280-8
Yang HJ, Jeong HJ, Bong KM, Jin DR, KangTW RHS, HanJH YWJ, Jung H, Hwang SH, Na EH (2020) Organic matter and heavy metal in river sediments of southwestern coastal Korea: Spatial distributions, pollution, and ecological risk assessment. Mar Pollut Bullet 159:111466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111466
Yang Q, Wang S, Zhao C, Nan Z (2022) Risk assessment of trace elements accumulation in soil-herbage systems at varied elevation in subalpine grassland of northern Tibet Plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(19):27636–27650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18366-6
Zhang C, Yu ZG, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Cui F, Zhu MY, Shen LQ, Hu L (2014) Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environ Int 73:270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010
Zhang H, Jiang Y, Ding M, Xie Z (2017) Level, source identification, and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:21902–21916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9855-y
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu C, Sun C, Zhang W, Marhaba T (2018) pH effect on heavy metal release from a polluted sediment. J Chem 2018:7597640. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7597640
Zhao X, Gao B, Xu D, Gao L, Yin S (2017) Heavy metal pollution in sediments of the largest reservoir (Three Gorges Reservoir) in China: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:20844–20858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9874-8
Zhu G, Xie Z, Li T, Ma Z, Xu X (2017) Assessment ecological risk of heavy metal caused by high-intensity land reclamation in Bohai Bay. China Plos One 12(4):e0175627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175627
Zou J (2016) Sources and dynamics of inorganic carbon within the upper reaches of the Xi River Basin Southwest China. Plos ONE 11(8):e0160964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160964
Zouch H, Cabrol L, Chifflet S, Tedetti M, Karray F, Zaghden H, Sayadi S, Quéméneur M (2018) Effect of acidic industrial effluent release on microbial diversity and trace metal dynamics during resuspension of coastal sediment. Front Microbiol 9:3103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03103
Acknowledgements
The authors thank to the Gisas A.S. for the contribution of the sampling.
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization, investigation, resources, methodology, writing-original draft preparation were performed by Asli Baysal and Hasan Saygin. The manuscript was written by all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Baysal, A., Saygin, H. An assessment of ecological and possible human health risks from Cr and Ni in sediments affected by the industrial marine area in Tuzla Aydinli Bay, Istanbul, Turkey between 2016–2020. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 37, 203–217 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02289-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02289-w