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A new look on Imperial Porphyry: a famous ancient dimension stone from the Eastern Desert of Egypt—petrogenesis and cultural relevance

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Abstract

Imperial Porphyry, a famous dimension stone of spectacular purple color, was quarried in the Mons Porphyrites area north of Jabal Dokhan in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, from the beginning of the first until the middle of the fifth century AD. During this period, the valuable material was processed as decorative stone and was used for objects of art, reserved exclusively for the Imperial court of the Roman Empire. Later on, only antique spoils of smaller or bigger size have been re-used for these purposes. The Imperial Porphyry is a porphyritic rock of trachyandesitic to dacitic composition that occurs in the uppermost levels of shallow subvolcanic sill-like intrusions, forming a member of the Dokhan Volcanic Suite. Its purple color is mainly due to dispersed flakes of hematite, resulting from hydrothermal alteration of a dark green Common Porphyry of similar composition, underlying the Imperial Porphyry. Both, the Common Porphyry and the purple Imperial Porphyry’, are extensively exposed in the Roman quarries. Contacts between Common and Imperial Porphyry are irregular and gradational. In both rock types, intrusive breccias are frequent, indicating a complex intrusion history. U–Th–Pb zircon geochronology on two samples of Imperial Porphyry and one sample of the Common Porphyry yielded an age range of 609–600 Ma, thus confirming earlier results of radiometric dating. Geochemical evidence indicates that both the Imperial and the Common Porphyry are of medium- to high-K calc-alkaline affinity. The magmas have formed by partial melting of a subduction-modified upper mantle. The subsequent intrusion took place within a highly extended terrane (HET).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Hesham Sallam and Hassan Eliwa for their field assistance. Sample DKK from Mons Porphyrites was collected and kindly provided to this study by Rosemarie and Dietrich D. Klemm (Dießen, Germany). Thanks to Martin Whitehouse, Kerstin Lindén and Lev Ilyinsky, Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm, for their help with CL-images and zircon isotope analyses. Field work was partially supported by the Mansoura University, Egypt, which is gratefully acknowledged. We highly appreciate the useful suggestions of the editor and two reviewers Peter Johnson and Ghaleb Jarrar.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Mahrous M. Abu El-Enen

  2. Graslitzer Str. 5, 63791, Karlstein am Main, Germany

    Joachim Lorenz

  3. Department of Mineral Resources and Rocks, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80206, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Kamal A. Ali

  4. Lehrstuhl für Geodynamik und Geomaterialforschung, Institut für Geographie und Geologie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Volker von Seckendorff, Martin Okrusch & Ulrich Schüssler

  5. Geozentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054, Erlangen, Germany

    Helene Brätz

  6. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Ralf-Thomas Schmitt

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Abu El-Enen, M.M., Lorenz, J., Ali, K.A. et al. A new look on Imperial Porphyry: a famous ancient dimension stone from the Eastern Desert of Egypt—petrogenesis and cultural relevance. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 107, 2393–2408 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-018-1604-z

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