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Secondary contact, hybridization and polyploidization add to the biodiversity in the Hengduan Mountains, exemplified by the widespread Corallodiscus lanuginosus (Gesneriaceae)

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Abstract

Corallodiscus lanuginosus is distributed 12,000 km across its northeast–southwest boundaries, showing its highest morphological diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. We investigated the mechanisms behind the high diversity in this species. We acquired ITS sequence data across the distribution range of the genus, reconstructed dated phylogenies, projected the resulting clades onto geographic maps and linked the results with inferred ploidy levels of the populations. We found strong geographic patterns for the ITS clades but with extensively overlapping ranges, particularly in the Hengduan Mountains area. We deduced an origin of C. lanuginosus in the mid-Oligocene. We used the presence of ITS polymorphisms to infer a high level of hybridization events mainly in areas of clade overlap, where we also inferred repeated tetraploidization events to have taken place. Pre- and post-Quaternary climate oscillation-driven expansions and contractions of distribution ranges have allowed secondary contacts, hybridization and introgression that shaped the current patchy distribution of morphological diversity in the species. Polyploidization as a reinforcing genetic barrier added to the genetic diversity in space and time particularly in the Hengduan Mountains.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Prof Gao LM and two anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We also thank the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden for access to their laboratory facilities and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) for access to the herbarium (E). This work was partly funded by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31370245). Fieldwork was supported in part by the Davis Expedition Fund of the University of Edinburgh, the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, the Royal Horticultural Society and the RBGE Fieldwork Fund. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is funded by the Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS) of the Scottish Government.

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  1. Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Rd., Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People’s Republic of China

    Ping Zhou & Jie Li

  2. Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of China

    Ping Zhou

  3. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK

    Michael Möller

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Online Resource 1. List of samples of Corallodiscus included in the phylogenetic analysis, plus three outgroup samples, with collector and collection information, population codes and GenBank accession number.

Online Resource 2. Diagnostics of the Bayesian inference analysis of 132 Corallodiscus samples plus three outgroup samples based on ITS sequence data. (a) Bayesian run statistics; (b) plot of generations versus LnL values for run 1; (c) plot of generations versus LnL values for run 2; (d) posterior probabilities of run 1 versus run 2; (e) symmetric topological tree differences within and between MCMC run 1 versus run 2; (f) plot of splits 1–20 sorted by widest range for run 1; (g) plot of splits 1–20 sorted by widest range for run 2. b–g obtained using AWTY (Wilgenbusch et al. 2004).

Online Resource 3. List of samples of Corallodiscus lanuginosus cytologically investigated, with collector and collection information, and population codes.

Online Resource 4. List of samples of Corallodiscus lanuginosus palynologically investigated, with collector and collection information, and population codes.

Online Resource 5. Distribution of ITS base polymorphisms and inferred crosses among samples of Corallodiscus lanuginosus (lan) and C. kingianus (kin).

Online Resource 6. Chromosome counts of Corallodiscus lanuginosus plants with (a) 2n = 20 chromosomes (2013-28-F2-1e) and (b) 2n = 40 chromosomes (2013-03-F3-1i).

Online Resource 7. Pollen measurements of Corallodiscus lanuginosus plants with (a) diploid (PCZ) and (b) tetraploid (JMG) chromosome complements.

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Zhou, P., Li, J. & Möller, M. Secondary contact, hybridization and polyploidization add to the biodiversity in the Hengduan Mountains, exemplified by the widespread Corallodiscus lanuginosus (Gesneriaceae). Plant Syst Evol 303, 587–602 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1392-0

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