Abstract
L-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in vivo dosimetry has the potential advantage of being able to accurately and sensitively measure the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation by measurements of teeth in situ. The equipment is transportable to the site where a radiation incident occurred and can be operated without specialized facilities. It, therefore, is very suitable for medical triage of victims in a large-scale radiation incident to quickly determine whether the dose was large enough to require urgent care. The measurements are made on the outer surfaces of the two upper incisor teeth. However, some in vitro studies of extracted teeth using higher frequency EPR have suggested that exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV) from sunlight might confound estimates of the dose of ionizing radiation made with EPR. Because the outer surfaces of incisors are likely to be exposed to UV/sunlight, it, therefore, is essential to determine the potential quantitative impact of UV on L-band EPR dosimetry measurements based on incisors. We, therefore, investigated the quantitative effect of UV on the EPR signal from ionizing irradiation of human teeth using the L-band spectrometer developed for field dosimetry. The UV-generated EPR signal was very small relative to the signals resulting from doses of ionizing radiation that are used for triage. For example, using our estimates of the effects of UV, for a lifetime of 50 years of exposure of these teeth (assuming an average exposure to sunlight of two hours/day), the expected average lifetime effect of UV-induced signal would be equivalent to 0.33 Gy; in contrast, triage criteria for accidental exposure to ionizing irradiation generally start at 2.0 Gy.
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The estimate of 2 h daily exposure of the upper incisors to UV on average over a lifetime is ‘conservative’ in that it is likely to be much higher than most people would have. Therefore, our estimates of years that correspond to achieving a given exposure level from sunlight in a ‘typical lifetime’ is likely to be too low; most people would receive much lower levels of exposure on their teeth and take many more years to achieve this level.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKEN (grant number #18K09724), data provided and a great deal of technical support by Asahi Spectroscopy Co., Ltd.. We would like to express our deep gratitude to the volunteers who provided the teeth and Asahi Spectroscopy Co., Ltd. for this research.
Funding
This research was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKEN (Grant #18K09724).
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YN: Wrote the first draft of the paper and carried out most of the experiments. HH: Contributed to the planning and analyses of the data and improved some parts of the equipment and maintained the instrument. HMS: Contributed to the design of the research and the interpretation of the data. ABF: Contributed to the interpretation of the results of the experiments and to the discussion of the relation between the findings in this paper and prior work; corrected the language of the paper to make it more readily understood; checked English grammar. BBW: Contributed to the theoretical analysis of the measurements and the validation of the technical descriptions. WS: Provided technical support of the EPR spectrometer and the methods for interpreting spectra. MM:Provided overall supervision of the research and finalization of the paper.
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HMS and ABF are co-owners of Clin-EPR, LLC, which manufactures L-band EPR dosimeters for investigational use. Other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Nakai, Y., Yamaguchi, I., Hirata, H. et al. Effects of Ultraviolet Rays on L-Band In Vivo EPR Dosimetry Using Tooth Enamel. Appl Magn Reson 53, 305–318 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-021-01340-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-021-01340-3