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The immunohistochemical profile of basal cell nevus syndrome–associated and sporadic odontogenic keratocysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Objectives

To provide a systematic review of the literature on studies comparing the immunoprofile of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (BCNS)–associated and sporadic odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), in order to identify markers that could accurately distinguish the two OKC subtypes.

Materials and methods

We searched MEDLINE/Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE via OVID, and grey literature for publications until December 28th, 2019, that compared the immunohistochemical expression of the two OKC subtypes. The studies were qualitatively assessed using the Critical Appraisal Tool for Case Series (Joana Briggs Institute). Sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve, and pooled estimates were calculated, using a random-effects model.

Results

Seventy-one studies were qualitatively analyzed; 61 markers were evaluated in one study and 32 in ≥ 2 studies. Twenty-five studies reported differential expression of 29 markers in the form of higher number of positive cells or greater staining intensity usually in BCNS-associated OKCs. Meta-analysis for bcl-2, Cyclin D1, CD56, CK18, p53, and PCNA showed that none of those markers is distinguishable between BCNS-associated and sporadic OKCs, in a 95% confidence interval. The risk of bias was high in 34 studies, moderate in 22, and low in 15.

Conclusions

The present systematic review and meta-analysis uncovered that, although several immunohistochemical markers might characterize the OKC phenotype, they cannot discriminate between the BCNS-associated and sporadic OKCs.

Clinical relevance

This study highlighted the requirement for additional screening for markers by immunohistochemistry, preferentially coupled to alternative diagnostic applications such as genomics technologies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Apostolos Klinakis (Investigator-Professor Level, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece) and Dr. Theodoros Rampias (Investigator-Assistant Professor Level, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece) for the critical proofreading of the manuscript and their constructive comments.

Funding

This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund-ESF) through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ). This funding source supports the author Eleni-Marina Kalogirou and had no involvement in study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and in the decision to submit the report for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Eleni-Marina Kalogirou, Grigorios Thermos & Konstantinos I. Tosios

  2. Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Vasileios Zogopoulos & Ioannis Michalopoulos

  3. Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Spyros Foutadakis & Marios Agelopoulos

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  1. Eleni-Marina Kalogirou
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  2. Grigorios Thermos
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  5. Ioannis Michalopoulos
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  6. Marios Agelopoulos
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  7. Konstantinos I. Tosios
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Contributions

E.M. Kalogirou and G. Thermos designed the study, performed the literature search and data analysis, and prepared, edited, and reviewed the paper. K.I. Tosios participated in study design and data analysis and prepared, edited, and reviewed the paper. V. Zogopoulos and I. Michalopoulos performed statistical analysis and prepared, edited, and reviewed the paper. M. Agelopoulos and S. Foutadakis prepared, edited, and reviewed the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Eleni-Marina Kalogirou.

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Kalogirou, EM., Thermos, G., Zogopoulos, V. et al. The immunohistochemical profile of basal cell nevus syndrome–associated and sporadic odontogenic keratocysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Invest 25, 3351–3367 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03877-w

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