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Expressiveness and machine processability of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS): an analysis of concepts and relations

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Abstract

This study considers the expressiveness (that is, the expressive power or expressivity) of different types of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) and discusses its potential to be machine-processable in the context of the semantic web. For this purpose, the theoretical foundations of KOS are reviewed based on conceptualizations introduced by the Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) and the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS); natural language processing techniques are also implemented. Applying a comparative analysis, the dataset comprises a thesaurus (Eurovoc), a subject headings system (LCSH) and a classification scheme (DDC). These are compared with an ontology (CIDOC-CRM) by focusing on how they define and handle concepts and relations. It was observed that LCSH and DDC focus on the formalism of character strings (nomens) rather than on the modelling of semantics; their definition of what constitutes a concept is quite fuzzy, and they comprise a large number of complex concepts. By contrast, thesauri have a coherent definition of what constitutes a concept, and apply a systematic approach to the modelling of relations. Ontologies explicitly define diverse types of relations, and are by their nature machine-processable. The paper concludes that the potential of both the expressiveness and machine processability of each KOS is extensively regulated by its structural rules. It is harder to represent subject headings and classification schemes as semantic networks with nodes and arcs, while thesauri are more suitable for such a representation. In addition, a paradigm shift is revealed which focuses on the modelling of relations between concepts, rather than the concepts themselves.

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Notes

  1. For an analysis of these issues see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini.

  2. FRSAD is incorporated in the consolidate edition of FRBR, known as Library Reference Model (LRM) [42], which was endorsed by the IFLA Professional Committee in the summer of 2017. But, in the LRM there are no concept, object and event entities of FRSAD; neither the term thema which is generalized and renamed as res (Latin for “thing”) in order to serve as the top entity in the hierarchy. Basically, LRM is not concerned with aboutness, and it ostracizes the structure of KOSs from the issues of concern. The only definition that LRM contains is that a res has nomens and that it may be related with another res.

  3. Certainly, this is not unconditional, since there are exceptions like interdisciplinary numbers.

  4. It is acknowledged that in OWL everything is a subclass of thing, but this does not mean that every class of the ontology follows an internal hierarchy.

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  1. Faculty of Information Science and Informatics, Ionian University, Corfu, Greece

    Manolis Peponakis, Anna Mastora & Sarantos Kapidakis

  2. National Hellenic Research Foundation/National Documentation Centre, Athens, Greece

    Manolis Peponakis

  3. Institute of Computer Science, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece

    Martin Doerr

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Peponakis, M., Mastora, A., Kapidakis, S. et al. Expressiveness and machine processability of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS): an analysis of concepts and relations. Int J Digit Libr 20, 433–452 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-019-00269-0

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