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Characterization of recharge mechanisms in a Precambrian basement aquifer in semi-arid south-west Niger

Caractérisation des mécanismes de recharge d’un aquifère de socle Précambrien dans la zone semi-aride du sud-ouest du Niger

Caracterización de los mecanismos de recarga en un acuífero precámbrico en el sudoeste semi-árido de Níger

尼日尔半干旱西南部前寒武基底含水层内补给机理特征描述

Caracterização dos mecanismos de recarga em um aquífero de embasamento Pré-cambriano no semiárido no Sudoeste de Niger

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Abstract

In the central part of the semi-arid Dargol Basin of southwestern Niger, most of the groundwater resource is contained in the fractured aquifers of the Precambrian basement. The groundwater resource is poorly characterized and this study is the first attempt to better describe the recharge mechanisms and hydrogeochemical behaviour of the aquifers. Hydrogeochemical and piezometric methods were combined to determine changes in recharge rate and origin of groundwaters for the shallow weathered aquifer and the deep fissured/fractured aquifer. At the basin scale, the groundwater fluxes towards the Niger River are influenced mainly by topography, with no visual long-term trend in groundwater levels (1980–2009). The hydro-geochemical signature is dominated by the calcic-bicarbonate to magnesian (70%) type. It shows evolution from an open environment with CO2 and low mineralized water (granitoids, alterites) towards a more confined environment with more mineralized waters (schists). Stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) analysis suggests two main groundwater recharge mechanisms: (1) direct recharge with nearly no post-rainfall fractionation signature and (2) indirect recharge from evaporated surface waters and/or stream-channel beds. Groundwater tritium content indicates that recharge is mostly recent, with an age less than 50 years (3H > 3 TU), with only 10% indicating low or even no recharge for the past decades. A median value of the groundwater renewal rate estimated from individual values of tritium is equivalent to 1.3% year−1, close to the one determined for groundwater samples dating to the early 1980s, thus indicating no measurable long-term change.

Résumé

Dans la partie centrale du bassin semi-aride du Dargol du sud-ouest du Niger, l’essentiel des ressources en eau souterraine est contenu dans les aquifères fissurés du socle Précambrien. La ressource en eau souterraine est peu caractérisée et cette étude est la première tentative pour mieux décrire les mécanismes de recharge et le comportement hydrogéochimique des aquifères. Une méthodologie combinant l’étude de la piézométrie et l’hydrogéochimie est élaborée pour déterminer les changements dans les taux de recharge et l’origine des eaux souterraines des nappes superficielles d’altérites et des aquifères profonds fissurés/fracturés. A l’échelle du bassin, les flux d’eau souterraine vers le Fleuve Niger sont principalement influencés par la topographie; aucune tendance à long terme dans les niveaux d’eau souterraine (1980–2009) n’est observée. La signature hydrogéochimique est dominée par un faciès bicarbonaté calcique à magnésien (70%). Elle montre une évolution depuis un milieu ouvert (granitoïdes, altérites) avec du CO2 et des eaux moins minéralisées, vers un milieu quasi-fermé (schistes) avec des eaux plus minéralisées. Les teneurs en isotopes stables (δ18O, δ2H) de la nappe aquifère indiquent deux principaux mécanismes de recharge: (1) une recharge directe par les eaux des pluies peu ou pas évaporées, et (2) une recharge indirecte par les eaux évaporées issues des lits des koris et des eaux de surface. Les teneurs en tritium des eaux souterraines indiquent que la recharge est récente, avec un âge inférieur à 50 ans (3H > 3 TU), avec seulement 10% des points indiquant une recharge faible ou absente lors des dernières décennies. Le taux de renouvellement médian estimé à partir des valeurs individuelles en tritium est d’environ 1.3% an−1; proche de la valeur déterminée avec des échantillons datant du début des années 1980 ce qui indique qu’aucun changement sur le long terme n’est mesurable.

Resumen

En la parte central de la cuenca semiárida de Dargol, en el sudoeste de Níger, la mayor parte del recurso de agua subterránea está contenido en los acuíferos fracturados del basamento precámbrico. El recurso subterráneo está pobremente caracterizado y este estudio es el primer intento de describir mejor los mecanismos de recarga y el comportamiento hidrogeoquímico de los acuíferos. Se combinaron métodos hidrogeoquímicos y piezométricos para determinar los cambios en la tasa de recarga y el origen del agua subterránea en el acuífero somero, relacionado a la meteorización y el acuífero fisurado/fracturado profundo. A la escala de la cuenca, los flujos de aguas subterráneas hacia el río Níger están influenciados principalmente por la topografía, sin que exista una tendencia de variación a largo plazo (1980–2009) de los niveles de agua subterránea. La firma hidrogeoquímica está dominada por el tipo de agua bicarbonatada cálcica a magnésica (70%). Muestra una evolución desde un ambiente libre con agua con CO2 y poco mineralizada (granitoides, alteritas) hacia un ambiente más confinado con aguas más mineralizadas (esquistos). El análisis de isótopos estables del agua (δ18O, δ2H) sugiere dos mecanismos principales de recarga del agua subterránea: (1) recarga directa casi sin señal de fraccionamiento posterior a la lluvia y (2) recarga indirecta de aguas superficiales evaporadas y/o de lechos de los canales de las corrientes. El contenido de tritio en el agua subterránea indica que la recarga es en su mayoría reciente, con una edad inferior a 50 años (3H > 3 TU), y solo el 10% indica una recarga baja o incluso nula durante las últimas décadas. El valor de la mediana de la tasa de renovación de agua subterránea estimada a partir de valores individuales de tritio es equivalente a 1.3% año−1, próximo al que se determinó para muestras de agua subterránea que datan de principios de los 80, indicando que no hay cambios mensurables a largo plazo.

摘要

在尼日尔西南部半干旱的Dargol流域中部,大多数地下水资源赋存于前寒武基底的断裂含水层中。对地下水资源的特征描述很少,本研究第一次试图更好地描述含水层的机理和水文地质特性。综合采用水文地球化学和测压方法确定了浅层风化含水层和深层裂隙/断裂含水层的补给量变化和地下水成因。在流域尺度上,地下水流向尼日尔河的通量主要受地形的影响,没有地下水水位的长期趋势数据(1980–2009年)。水文地球化学印记主要受钙质重碳酸盐至镁(70%)类型支配。显示了从含有CO2及低矿化度水(花岗岩类岩石及蚀变重矿物)开放环境向含有矿化度较高的水(片岩)更封闭的环境演化过程。稳定同位素(δ18O, δ2H)分析表明,有两个主要的地下水补给机理:(1)几乎没有降雨后分馏印记的直接补给及(2)来自蒸发的地表水及/或河道河床的间接补给。地下水氚含量表明,补给主要是近代的,年龄少于50年(3H > 3 TU),只有10%的补给不是过去几十年的补给。通过氚各自的值估算出来的地下水更新率中间值相当于1.3% year−1,接近于20世纪80年代地下水样品确定的中间值,因此,表明没有重大的长期变化。

Resumo

Na parte central da bacia semiárida de Dargol no Sudoeste de Niger, a maior parte dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos está contido em um aquífero fraturado de embasamento Pré-cambriano. Os recursos hídricos subterrâneos estão mal caracterizados e esse estudo é a primeira tentativa de descrever melhor os mecanismos de reacarga e o comportamento hidrogeoquímico dos aquíferos. Métodos hidrogeoquímicos e piezométricos foram combinados para determinar mudanças na taxa de recarga e origem das águas subterrâneas para os aquíferos intemperizado raso e fraturado/fissurado profundo. Na escala da bacia, os fluxos de águas subterrâneas em direção ao Rio Niger são influenciados principalmente pela topografia, sem tendência de longo termo visível nos níveis de águas subterrâneas (1980–2009). A assinatura hidrogeoquímica é dominada pelo tipo bicarbonatada-cálcica para magnesiana (70%). Isso demonstra a evolução de um meio ambiente aberto com CO2 e água de baixa mineralização (granitoide, alteritos) em direção a um meio ambiente mais confinado com águas mais mineralizadas (xistos). Analise de isótopos estáveis (δ18O, δ2H) da água sugere dois principais mecanismos de recarga: (1) recarga direta sem assinatura pós-precipitação próxima e (2) recarga indireta de águas superficiais evaporadas e/ou leito do canal-córrego. O conteúdo de trítio indica que a recarga é mais recente, com idades menores que 50 anos (3H > 3 TU), com apenas 10% indicando baixa ou não recarga nas décadas passadas. O valor médio da taxa de renovação de águas subterrâneas estimado dos valores individuais de trítio é equivalente a 1.3% anos−1, próximo ao determinado para amostras de águas subterrâneas datando do começo da década de 80, assim indicando mudança de longo termo não mensurável.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC), the University of Liège (ULiege) and by The International Foundation for Science (IFS grant, 2008). Some technical support was also provided by the AMMA-Catch team at IRD in Niger. This would not have happened without the logistical help of Abdou Moumouni University (UAM) and we express our deep gratitude to them.

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Correspondence to Maman Sani Abdou Babaye.

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This article is part of the topical collection “Determining groundwater sustainability from long-term piezometry in Sub-Saharan Africa”

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Abdou Babaye, M.S., Orban, P., Ousmane, B. et al. Characterization of recharge mechanisms in a Precambrian basement aquifer in semi-arid south-west Niger. Hydrogeol J 27, 475–491 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1799-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1799-x

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