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Late-onset Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis

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A Correction to this article was published on 26 June 2020

A Correction to this article was published on 03 July 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

Immunosuppression in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is complicated by increasing risk of infections including opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). Available evidence on risk factors and indications for prophylaxis in AAV is derived from PJP occurring early in the course of AAV. In this retrospective study, we characterized the profile of PJP in patients with AAV. PJP cases were identified retrospectively based on positive polymerase chain reaction test from electronic record followed by confirmation from medical records over a 10-year period. AAV patients without PJP over the same period were used as control group. Sixteen PJP+AAV+ were identified; in 14 of them, we were able to confirm they received PJP prophylaxis during induction therapy, while in two cases, data were missing. The onset of the infection was after 6 months from AAV diagnosis in 80% of cases. Escalations in immunosuppression prior to PJP were observed in six cases within 3 months prior to PJP onset. Overall mortality was 12.5%. By univariate analysis, renal involvement at AAV diagnosis was associated with PJP. These results indicate that PJP is not limited to the first 6 months following AAV diagnosis. Late-onset infection can occur in context of augmented immunotherapy, particularly with concurrent lymphopenia. Other risk factors that can independently predict late-onset PJP remain to be identified.

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Change history

  • 03 July 2018

    The family name of the corresponding author on this article was incorrectly spelled as “El Hakem Matraiah”. The correct spelling should have been “El Hakem Metraiah”. This is now presented correctly in this article.

  • 26 June 2020

    The family name of the corresponding author on the original version of this article was incorrectly spelled as ���Mariana Philipos���.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Renal Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK

    El Hakem Matraiah, Nkiruka Olisaka, David Walbaum & Dana Kidder

  2. Department of Rheumatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK

    Mariana Philipos & Paula Dospinescu

  3. NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK

    Nicholas Fluck

  4. Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Neil Basu

Authors
  1. El Hakem Matraiah
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  2. Nkiruka Olisaka
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  3. Mariana Philipos
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  4. David Walbaum
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  5. Paula Dospinescu
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  6. Nicholas Fluck
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  7. Neil Basu
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  8. Dana Kidder
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to El Hakem Matraiah.

Ethics declarations

This study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

Disclosures

NB and DK have received research grant from Glaxo Smith Kline for unrelated work.

The other authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest.

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Matraiah, E.H., Olisaka, N., Philipos, M. et al. Late-onset Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol 37, 1991–1996 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4155-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4155-6

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