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Drivers of broadleaved evergreen species spread into deciduous forests in the southern Swiss Alps

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Abstract

The spread of non-native species into natural communities is a noticeable phenomenon linked to global change. Drivers of such invasions, however, may differ according to specific regional environments. Here, we aim at disentangling the role of selected climate and non-climate drivers on the spread of native (Hedera helix and Ilex aquifolium) and non-native (Prunus laurocerasus and Trachycarpus fortunei) evergreen species in mature deciduous forests in southern Switzerland. Covers of target evergreens were determined using 200 quadratic plots of 100 m2, distributed on a regular grid of 100 × 100 m and spanning a steep climatic gradient ranging from −0.4 to 3.0 °C in the average temperature of the coldest month. Species covers were used as response variables to be related to climate, stand structure, disturbances, propagule pressure and geomorphology proxies by performing tobit regressions. Propagule pressure resulted to be the main driver of occurrence for three considered species, while meso-climate and stand structure played only a secondary role. In contrast, the presence of native I. aquifolium was mostly correlated with the temperature of the coldest month, though with an overall low impact on cover. Our study demonstrates different drivers of invasion for native and non-native species with similar life history traits. In particular, differences emerge from ecological requirements (niche) and propagule pressure. The ongoing spread of evergreen broadleaved species at the regional scale demonstrates how evergreens invade a largely empty ecological niche, mainly issued by land-use change rather than climate warming.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Kerstin Kruczek, Tobias Frank and Eva Dorsch for their help during field work. We thank Sylvia Dingwall for revising the English text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Community Ecology Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, A Ramèl 18, 6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland

    Marco Conedera

  2. Disturbance Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

    Thomas Wohlgemuth

  3. Seminar für Statistik, Departement Mathematik, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland

    Matteo Tanadini

  4. Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, A Ramèl 18, 6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland

    Gianni Boris Pezzatti

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  1. Marco Conedera
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  2. Thomas Wohlgemuth
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  4. Gianni Boris Pezzatti
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Correspondence to Marco Conedera.

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Editor:Wolfgang Cramer.

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Habitus of the studied evergreens (PDF 703 kb)

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Why Tobit regression? (PDF 248 kb)

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Detailed analysis procedure and results (PDF 1895 kb)

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Conedera, M., Wohlgemuth, T., Tanadini, M. et al. Drivers of broadleaved evergreen species spread into deciduous forests in the southern Swiss Alps. Reg Environ Change 18, 425–436 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1212-7

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