Abstract
The manufacturing process of poly(vinylidene fluoride) microporous films containing through flow channels and permeable to liquids has been elaborated. The process is based on polymer melt extrusion with subsequent stages of annealing, uniaxial extensions (“cold” and “hot” drawing), and thermal stabilization. The effect of orientation parameters (melt draw ratio and extension degrees) on overall porosity, permeability, morphology, and content of polar piezoactive β-phase in crystalline structure of the films was investigated by filtration porosimetry, sorptometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and mechanical properties measurements. It is shown that the through pores were formed by a percolation mechanism. It is observed that permeability and the β-phase content increased with the growth of extension degree at the pore formation stages but the portion of β-crystallites decreased with increasing melt draw ratio at extrusion, which permitted to regulate the combination of through permeability and piezoactivity values by variation of the preparation process parameters.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Huskinson, B.; Marshak, M. P.; Suh, C.; Er, S.; Gerhardt, M. R.; Galvin, C. J.; Chen, X.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Gordon R. G.; Aziz, M. J. A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery. Nature2014, 505, 195–198.
Zou, Z.; Ye, J.; Sayama, K.; Arakawa, H. Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. Nature2001, 414, 625–627.
Gutfleisch, O.; Willard, M. A.; Brück, E.; Chen, C. H.; Sankar, S. G.; Liu, J. P. Magnetic materials and devices for the 21st century: Stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient. Adv. Mater.2011, 23, 821–842.
Tu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Zou, Z. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into renewable hydrocarbon fuels: State-of-the-art accomplishment, challenges, and prospects. Adv. Mater.2014, 26, 4607–4626.
Gheibi, A.; Latifi, M.; Merati, A. A.; Bagherzadeh, R. Electrical power generation from piezoelectric electrospun nanofibers membranes: Electrospinning parameters optimization and effect of membranes thickness on output electrical voltage. J Polym. Res.2014, 21, 1–7.
Park, T.; Kim, B.; Kim, Y.; Kim, E. Highly conductive PEDOT electrodes for harvesting dynamic energy through piezoelectric conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A2014, 2, 5462–5469.
Bae, S. Ahn J. Graphene-P(VDF-TrFE) multilayer film for flexible applications. ACS Nano2013, 4, 3130–3138.
Wen, X. N.; Yang, W. Q.; Jing, Q. S.; Wang, Z. L. Harvesting broadband kinetic impact energy from mechanical triggering/vibration and water waves. ACS Nano2014, 8, 7405–7412.
Lee, J. H.; Lee, K. Y.; Kumar, B.; Tien, N. T.; Lee, N.; Kim, S. W. Highly sensitive stretchable transparent piezoelectric nanogenerators. Energy Environ. Sci.2013, 6, 169–175.
Hinchet, R.; Lee, S.; Ardila, G.; Montès, L.; Mouis, M.; Wang, Z. L. Performance optimization of vertical nanowire-based piezoelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater.2014, 44, 971–977.
Anton, S. A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003–2006). Smart Mater. Struct.2007, 16, R1–R21.
Bowen, C. R.; Kim, H. A.: Weaver, P. M.; Dunn, S. Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials and structures for energy harvesting applications. Energy Environ. Sci2014, 7, 25–44.
Chang, C.; Tran, V. H.; Wang, J.; Fuh, Y. K.; Lin, L. Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with high energy conversion efficiency. Nano Lett.2010, 10, 726–731.
Ottman, G. K.; Hofmann, H. F.; Bhatt, A. C.; Lesieutre, G. A. Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless remote power supply. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2002, 17, 669–676.
Qin, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z. L. Microfibre-nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging. Nature2008, 451, 809–813.
Liu, F.; Hashim, N. A.; Liu, Y.; Abed, M. R. M.; Li, K. Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes. J. Membr. Sci.2011, 375, 1–27.
Kim, J. F.; Jung, J. T.; Wang, H. H.; Lee, S. Y.; Moore, T.; Sanguineti, A.; Drioli, E.; Lee, Y. M. Microporous PVDF membranes via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and stretching methods. J. Membr. Sci.2016, 509, 94–104.
Cui, Z. Y.; Xu, Y. Y.; Zhu, L. P.; Wei, X. Z.; Zhang, C. F.; Zhu, B. K. Preparation of PVDF/PMMA blend microporous membranes for lithium ion batteries via thermally induced phase separation process. Mater. Lett.2008, 62, 3809–3811.
Dmitriev, I. Yu.; Bukošek, V.; Lavrentyev, V. K.; Elyashevich, G. K. Structure and deformational behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) hard elastic films. Acta Chim. Slov.2007, 54, 784–791.
Lei, C.; Hu, B.; Xu, R.; Cai, Q.; Shi, W. Influence of room-temperature-stretching technology on the crystalline morphology and microstructure of PVDF hard elastic film. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014, 131, P. 400077.
Sadeghi, F.; Tabatabaei, S. H.; Ajji, A.; Carreau, P. J. Effect of PVDF characteristics on extruded film morphology and porous membranes feasibility by stretching. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2009, 47, 1219–1229.
Elyashevich, G. K.; Kuryndin, I. S.; Lavrentyev, V. K.; Bobrovsky, A. Y.; Bukošek, V. Porous structure, permeability, and mechanical properties of polyolefin microporous films. Phys. Solid State2012, 54, 1907–1916.
Salimi, A.; Yousefi, A. A. FTIR studies of α-phase crystal formation in stretched PVDF films. Polym. Test.2003, 22, 699–704.
Hu, B.; Cai, Q.; Xu, R.; Mo, H.; Chen, C.; Zhang, F.; Lei, C. Influence of uniaxial cold stretching followed by uniaxial hot stretching conditions on crystal transformation and microstructure in extrusion cast and annealed polyvinylidene fluoride porous membranes. J. Plast. Film Sheet.2015, 31, 269–285.
Stauffer, D.; Aharony, A. Introduction to percolation theory. London, Taylor and Francis, 1994.
Elyashevich, G. K.; Rosova, E. Y.; Karpov, E. A. Microporous polyethylene film and method of its production. Russian Federation Patent 140,936. April 15, 1997.
Elyashevich, G. K.; Karpov, E. A.; Kozlov, A. G. Deformational behavior and mechanical properties of hard elastic and porous films of polyethylene. In Macromol.Symp. «Mechanical Behavior of Polymeric Materials». Ed.: J. Kahovec, Wiley-VCH, 1999, Vol. 147, pp. 91–101.
Xu, J.; Johnson M.; Wilkes G. L. A tubular film extrusion of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Structure/process/property behavior as a function of molecular weight. Polymer2004, 45, 5327–5340.
Ramadan, K. S.; Sameoto, D; Evoy, S. A review of piezoelectric polymers as functional materials for electromechanical transducers. Smart Mater. Struct.2014, 23, 033001.
Wan, C.; Bowen, C. R. Multiscale-structuring of polyvinylidene fluoride for energy harvesting: The impact of molecular-, micro- and macro-structure. J. Mater. Chem. A2017, 5, 3091–3128.
Martins, P.; Lopes, A. C.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride): Determination, processing and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci.2014, 39, 683–706.
Hermans, P. H.; Weidinger, A. On the determination of the crystalline fraction of polyethylenes from X-ray diffraction. Macromol. Chem.1961, 44, 24–36.
Kuryndin, I. S.; Lavrentyev, V. K.; Bukošek, V.; Elyashevich, G. K. Percolation transitions in porous polyethylene and polypropylene films with lamellar structures. Polym. Sci., Ser. A.2015, 57, 717–722.
Zheng, Y. R.; Zhang, J.; Sun, X. L.; Li, H. H.; Ren, Z. J.; Yan, S. K. Enhanced αγ′ transition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) by step crystallization and subsequent annealing. Chinese J. Polym. Sci.2018, 36, 598–603.
Zheng, Y. R.; Zhang, J.; Sun, X. L.; Li, H. H.; Ren, Z. J.; Yan, S. K. Crystal structure regulation of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) via controlled melt-recrystallization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2017, 56, 4580–4587.
Nakamura, K.; Sawai, D.; Watanabe, Yu.; Taguchi, D.; Takahashi, Yo.; Furukawa, T.; Kanamoto, T. Effect of annealing on the structure and properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) β-form films. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2003, 41, 1701–1712.
Darestani, M. T.; Coster, H. G. L.; Chilcott, T. C.; Fleming, S.; Nagarajan, V.; An, H. Piezoelectric membranes for separation processes: Fabrication and piezoelectric properties. J. Membr. Sci.2013, 434, 184–192.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Elyashevich, G.K., Kuryndin, I.S., Dmitriev, I.Y. et al. Orientation Efforts as Regulatory Factor of Structure Formation in Permeable Porous Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Films. Chin J Polym Sci 37, 1283–1289 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2284-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2284-2