Abstract
Traumatic ocular injuries account for a substantial number of emergency department visits annually and represent a significant source of patient disability. A thorough understanding of ocular/optic nerve anatomy and traumatic pathology is fundamental in the accurate and efficient interpretation of emergency neuroradiology. This article will review relevant anatomy, imaging protocols, clinical symptomatology, and key imaging findings associated with the broad spectrum of traumatic ocular and optic nerve pathology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Klopfer J, Tielsch JM, Vitale S, See L-C, Canner JK (1992) Ocular trauma in the United States: eye injuries resulting in hospitalization, 1984 through 1987. Arch Ophthalmol 110(6):838–842
Baker RS, Wilson MR, Flowers J, Charles W, Lee DA, Wheeler NC (1999) A population-based survey of hospitalized work-related ocular injury: diagnoses, cause of injury, resource utilization, and hospitalization outcome. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 6(3):159–169
Hsieh DA, Stout JW, Lee RB, Gaydos JC (2003) The incidence of eye injuries at three US Army installations. Mil Med 168(2):101–105
Négrel A-D, Thylefors B (1998) The global impact of eye injuries. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 5(3):143–169
Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Mann L (2006) Epidemiology of blinding trauma in the United States eye injury registry. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 13(3):209–216
McGwin G, Xie A, Owsley C (2005) Rate of eye injury in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 123(7):970–976
Iftikhar M, Latif A, Farid UZ, Usmani B, Canner JK, Shah SM (2019) Changes in the incidence of eye trauma hospitalizations in the United States from 2001 through 2014. JAMA Ophthalmol 137(1):48–56
Soni K, Eustace P (1972) Missed ocular perforations after road traffic accidents. Injury 4(1):79–80
Bahrami S, Yim CM (2009) Quality initiatives: blind spots at brain imaging. Radiographics 29(7):1877–1896
Kubal WS (2008) Imaging of orbital trauma. Radiographics 28(6):1729–1739
Iinuma T, Hirota Y, Ishio K (1994) Orbital wall fractures. Conventional views and CT. Rhinology 32(2):81–83
Andreoli M, Yiu G, Hart L, Andreoli C (2014) B-scan ultrasonography following open globe repair. Eye 28(4):381
Turvey TA, Golden BA (2012) Orbital anatomy for the surgeon. Oral Maxillof Surg Clin 24(4):525–536
Bodanapally U, Addis H, Dreizin D, Reddy A, Margo J, Archer-Arroyo K, Feldman S, Saboury B, Sudini K, Saeedi O (2017) Prognostic predictors of visual outcome in open globe injury: emphasis on facial CT findings. Am J Neuroradiol 38(5):1013–1018
Schmidt G, Broman A, Hindman HB, Grant MP (2008) Vision survival after open globe injury predicted by classification and regression tree analysis. Ophthalmology 115(1):202–209
Li X, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N (2015) Pediatric open globe injury: a review of the literature. J Emerg Trauma Shock 8(4):216
Bord SP, Linden J (2008) Trauma to the globe and orbit. Emerg Med Clin North Am 26(1):97–123
Dharmasena A, Park DY, Vishwanath M (2014) Does high intraocular pressure exclude an open globe injury? Int J Ophthalmol 7(2):389–390. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.02.36
Yuan W-H, Hsu H-C, Cheng H-C, Guo W-Y, Teng MM-H, Chen S-J, Lin T-C (2014) CT of globe rupture: analysis and frequency of findings. Am J Roentgenol 202(5):1100–1107
Sung EK, Nadgir RN, Fujita A, Siegel C, Ghafouri RH, Traband A, Sakai O (2014) Injuries of the globe: what can the radiologist offer? Radiographics 34(3):764–776
Channa R, Zafar SN, Canner JK, Haring RS, Schneider EB, Friedman DS (2016) Epidemiology of eye-related emergency department visits. JAMA Ophthalmol 134(3):312–319
Weissman JL, Beatty RL, Hirsch WL, Curtin HD (1995) Enlarged anterior chamber: CT finding of a ruptured globe. Am J Neuroradiol 16(4):936–938
Arey ML, Mootha VV, Whittemore AR, Chason DP, Blomquist PH (2007) Computed tomography in the diagnosis of occult open-globe injuries. Ophthalmology 114(8):1448–1452
Kubal WS (2008) Imaging of orbital trauma. Radiographics 28(6):1729–1739. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.286085523
Nelson LB, Maumenee IH (1982) Ectopia lentis. Surv Ophthalmol 27(3):143–160
Segev Y, Goldstein M, Lazar M, Reider-Groswasser I (1995) CT appearance of a traumatic cataract. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16(5):1174–1175
Johnston P (1991) Traumatic retinal detachment. Br J Ophthalmol 75(1):18–21
Mafee MF, Karimi A, Shah J, Rapoport M, Ansari SA (2005) Anatomy and pathology of the eye: role of MR imaging and CT. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15(1):23–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2005.02.005
Czorlich P, Skevas C, Knospe V, Vettorazzi E, Richard G, Wagenfeld L, Westphal M, Regelsberger J (2015) Terson syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Rev 38(1):129–136; discussion 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-014-0564-4
Couperus K, Zabel A, Oguntoye MO (2018) Open globe: corneal laceration injury with negative Seidel sign. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2(3):266–267. https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2018.4.38086
Lakits A, Prokesch R, Scholda C, Bankier A (1999) Orbital helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of eye trauma. Ophthalmology 106(12):2330–2335
Yamashita K, Noguchi T, Mihara F, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Yoshikawa H, Honda H (2007) An intraorbital wooden foreign body: description of a case and a variety of CT appearances. Emerg Radiol 14(1):41–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-007-0597-x
Ho VT, McGuckin JF Jr, Smergel EM (1996) Intraorbital wooden foreign body: CT and MR appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17(1):134–136
Bajaj MS, Kedar S, Sethi A, Gupta V (2000) Traumatic globe luxation with optic nerve transection. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 19(3):165–170
Anderson RL, Panje WR, Gross CE (1982) Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma. Ophthalmology 89(5):445–455
Agrawal R, Shah M, Mireskandari K, Yong GK (2013) Controversies in ocular trauma classification and management: review. Int Ophthalmol 33(4):435–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-012-9698-y
Bodanapally UK, Van der Byl G, Shanmuganathan K, Katzman L, Geraymovych E, Saksobhavivat N, Mirvis SE, Sudini KR, Krejza J, Shin RK (2014) Traumatic optic neuropathy prediction after blunt facial trauma: derivation of a risk score based on facial CT findings at admission. Radiology 272(3):824–831. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14131873
Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V (2008) Post-traumatic visual loss. Rev Neurol Dis 5(2):73–81
Nguyen VD, Singh AK, Altmeyer WB, Tantiwongkosi B (2017) Demystifying orbital emergencies: a pictorial review. Radiographics 37(3):947–962. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160119
Bodanapally UK, Shanmuganathan K, Shin RK, Dreizin D, Katzman L, Reddy RP, Mascarenhas D (2015) Hyperintense optic nerve due to diffusion restriction: diffusion-weighted imaging in traumatic optic neuropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 36(8):1536–1541. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4290
Lane JI, Watson RE Jr, Witte RJ, McCannel CA (2003) Retinal detachment: imaging of surgical treatments and complications. Radiographics 23(4):983–994. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.234025163
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Balakrishnan, S., Harsini, S., Reddy, S. et al. Imaging review of ocular and optic nerve trauma. Emerg Radiol 27, 75–85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-019-01730-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-019-01730-y