Abstract
Although the central canal is an integral component of the cerebral ventricular system, central canal dilation has not been examined adequately during the progression of subarachnoid hemorrhage–related hydrocephalus (SAH-H). Central canal dilation–associated ependymal cell desquamation or subependymal membrane rupture has been rarely reported. Herein, we try to describe possible mechanisms of central canal dilation “Hydromyelia,” developing after SAH. A total of 25 New Zealand hybrid female rabbits were recruited. Five served as controls, and five received sham operations. In the remaining animals (n = 15), 0.5 mL/kg of autologous blood was injected into the cisterna magna twice on 0 and 2nd days. Five of these animals died within a few days. A total of 10 survivor animals decapitated 3 weeks later, and the brains and cervical spinal cords were histologically examined. Central canal volumes, ependymal cell numbers on the canal surfaces, and the Evans’ indices of the ventricles were compared. On histological examination, central canal occlusion with desquamated ependymal cells and basement membrane rupture were evident. The mean Evans’ index of the brain ventricles was 0.31, the mean central canal volume was 1.054 mm3, and the normal ependymal cell density was 4.210/mm2 in control animals; the respective values were 0.34, 1.287 mm3, and 3.602/mm2 for sham-operated animals, and 0.41, 1.776 mm3, and 2.923/mm2 in the study group. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Hydromyelia, an ignored complication of SAH-H, features ependymal cell desquamation, subependymal basement membrane destruction, blood cell accumulation on the subependymal cell basement membrane, and increased CSF pressure. Hydromyelia may be a significant complication following SAH.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
13 November 2021
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-021-01694-z
References
Asiltürk M, Abdallah A (2018) Clinical outcomes of multiple aneurysms microsurgical clipping: evaluation of 90 patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 52(1):15–24
Black PM, Tzouras A, Foley L (1985) Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and hydrocephalus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 17:57–62
Cardell LO, Uddman R, Edvinsson L (1994) Endothelins: a role in cerebrovascular disease? Cephalalgia. 14(4):259–265
Collice M, Porta M (1975) Monitoring of intracranial pressure. Minerva Chir 30(19):1003–1010
Emel E, Abdallah A (2016) Spinal tümörler ve siringomiyeli; In Özer AF (ed), Siringomiyeli. Usakademi; 81-99 (Chapter in Turkish).
Fujioka S, Kaku M, Hamada J, Yokota A, Ushio Y (1989) The usefulness of lumbar epidural pressure as an index of intracranial pressure. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 29(6):484–489
Fukumizu M, Takashima S, Becker LE (1995) Neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: neuropathologic and immunohistochemical studies. Pediatr Neurol 13(3):230–234
Hamada J, Fujioka S, Ushio Y (1993) Experimental investigation of lumbar epidural pressure measurement. Neurosurgery. 32(5):817–821
Hamlat A, Sid-Ahmed S, Adn M, Askar B, Pasqualini E (2006) Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: theoretical concept of a spinal etiology. Med Hypotheses 67(1):110–114
Heiss JD, Snyder K, Peterson MM, Patronas NJ, Butman JA, Smith RK, Devroom HL, Sansur CA, Eskioglu E, Kammerer WA, Oldfield EH (2012) Pathophysiology of primary spinal syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 17(5):367–380
Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG (2010) Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 8(6):e1000412
Leclerc JL, Gracia JM, Diller MA, Carpenter AM, Kamat PK, Hoh BL, Dore S (2018) A comparison of pathophysiology in human and rodent models of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 11:71
Liszczak TM, Black PM, Tzouras A, Foley L, Zervas NT (1984) Morphological changes of the basilar artery, ventricles, and choroid plexus after experimental SAH. J Neurosurg 61(3):486–493
Marbacher S, Grüter B, Schöpf S, Croci D, Nevzati E, D’Alonzo D, Lattmann J, Roth T, Bircher B, Wolfert C, Muroi C, Dutilh G, Widmer HR, Fandino J (2018) Systematic review of ın vivo animal models of subarachnoid hemorrhage: species, standard parameters, and outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 10:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-018-0657-4
Milhorat TH, Capocelli AL Jr, Anzil AP, Kotzen RM, Milhorat RH (1995) Pathological basis of spinal cord cavitation in syringomyelia: analysis of 105 autopsy cases. J Neurosurg 82(5):802–812
Minami N, Tani E, Yokota M, Maeda Y, Yamaura I (1991) Immunohistochemistry of leukotriene C4 in experimental cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neuropathol 81(4):401–407
Mise B, Klarica M, Seiwerth S, Bulat M (1996) Experimental hydrocephalus and hydromyelia: a new insight in mechanism of their development. Acta Neurochir 138(7):862–868
Olopade FE, Shokunbi MT, Sirén AL (2012) The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats. Fluids Barriers CNS 9(1):19
Radojicic M, Nistor G, Keirstead HS (2007) Ascending central canal dilation and progressive ependymal disruption in a contusion model of rodent chronic spinal cord injury. BMC Neurol 7:30
Shah AH, Komotar RJ (2013) Pathophysiology of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 80:304–306
Williams HF (2017) The central nervous system pressure histogram in hydrocephalus and hydromyelia. Med Hypotheses 108:117–123
Yamaguchi S, Hida K, Akino M, Yano S, Iwasaki Y (2003) Spinal subdural hematoma: a sequela of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm? Surg Neurol 59(5):408–412
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This study was approved under decision number 42190979-050.01.04-E.1700243019 by the medical ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Ataturk University in Erzurum-Turkey.
Informed consent
Informed consent was not obtained (it is an animal experiment).
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-021-01694-z
About this article
Cite this article
Abdallah, A. RETRACTED ARTICLE:Correlation of hydromyelia with subarachnoid hemorrhage–related hydrocephalus: an experimental study. Neurosurg Rev 44, 1437–1445 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-020-01330-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-020-01330-2