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Trace of outbreeding between Biwa salmon (Oncorhynchus masou subsp.) and amago (O. m. ishikawae) detected from the upper reaches of inlet streams within Lake Biwa water system, Japan

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Abstract

The establishment of fluvial fish populations from anadromous populations by natural or artificial barriers obstructing migration is a good research subject to study life history plasticity. Biwa salmon, Oncorhynchus masou subsp., a salmonid fish endemic to the Lake Biwa water system, exhibit life history variation (e.g., mature stream-resident males) in addition to a typical lacustrine life history type, indicating potential adaptations of life histories in response to emergence of barriers. Currently, fluvial populations that are morphologically similar to both stream-resident Biwa salmon and amago, the fluvial red-spotted masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, are found upstream of dams which were constructed in the inflowing rivers of Lake Biwa. However, it is unknown whether they are Biwa salmon or amago. To explore that, the genetic characteristics of nine fluvial populations were investigated through AFLP and mtDNA analyses. Bayesian admixture analysis based on the AFLP data revealed that three fluvial populations were admixed populations between Biwa salmon and amago. In addition, a Biwa salmon mtDNA haplotype was detected in some individuals from three populations. However, no genetically pure fluvial populations of Biwa salmon were found, indicating no life history plasticity in this subspecies, and thus hybridization with amago boosted the ability of this subspecies to establish fluvial populations. Nevertheless, other scenarios, such as hybridization after establishment of fluvial populations of Biwa salmon, are also possible. The latter hypothesis could be supported by the fact that amago did not inhabit the river before emergence of barriers. However, a significant genetic population structure was found only in amago, suggesting that this subspecies is native to the Lake Biwa water system. But the possibility that multiple sources of amago have been released into rivers cannot be excluded. Therefore, further studies on the relationships between amago populations in the upper reaches of the Lake Biwa water system and other populations in the surrounding areas of the Lake Biwa water system are needed to clarify the origins of the admixed populations.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Drs. Katsuro Yahiro, Yasufumi Satoguchi, Robin J. Smith, Ryoichi Tabata (Lake Biwa Museum), Prof. Kouichi Kawamura (Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University), and Dr. Kentaro Morita (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute) for encouragement and critical reading of this manuscript. Our special thanks go to Mr. Makoto Kobayashi (Residing in Takashima), Mr. Noriyuki Ikeda (Chief of the Echi River upstream fishery cooperative), and Mr. Hayato Nishimura (Residing in Otsu) for valuable information on stocking Biwa salmon and amago, and upstream migrating Biwa salmon, respectively. We are also grateful to Mr. Akihiko Mori and members of his fishing group for sampling fish for this study. This work was conducted as part of a Collaborative Research Project of the Lake Biwa Museum (Kyo 06-02).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lake Biwa Museum, 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-0001, Japan

    Masayuki Kuwahara

  2. National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-Honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan

    Hiroshi Takahashi

  3. Shiga Prefectural Fisheries and Management Division, 4-1-1 Kyomachi, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8577, Japan

    Takeshi Kikko

  4. Takashima City Makino Junior High School, 606 Hirukuchi, Makino-cho, Takashima, Shiga, 520-1833, Japan

    Seiji Kurumi

  5. Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan

    Kei’ichiro Iguchi

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  1. Masayuki Kuwahara
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Correspondence to Masayuki Kuwahara.

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Kuwahara, M., Takahashi, H., Kikko, T. et al. Trace of outbreeding between Biwa salmon (Oncorhynchus masou subsp.) and amago (O. m. ishikawae) detected from the upper reaches of inlet streams within Lake Biwa water system, Japan. Ichthyol Res 66, 67–78 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-018-0650-7

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