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Breeding time trends of the Crested Tit (Lophophanes cristatus) in southern Finland: comparison of data sources

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Abstract

We analyzed temporal and spatial variation in timing of breeding of a highly resident bird species, the Crested Tit (Lophophanes cristatus), over the past 86 years in southern Finland. Besides describing temporal changes in breeding times over this exceptionally long time series, we wanted to compare three different data types (nest card data, ringing data, and intensive population monitoring data) for their consistency in relation to temporal changes in laying dates. In the longest time series, the nest card data, the laying dates of L. cristatus show a quadratic trend over the years, delaying from the 1920s and 1930s towards the 1950s and 1960s, and advancing from the 1960s towards the 2000s. L. cristatus now starts laying c. 9 days earlier than in the 1960s and c. 6 days earlier than in the 1920s and 1930s. This is partly explained by increased March–April temperatures in southern Finland, but advancement of laying dates has been greater than expected on the basis of just temperature change. All data types showed very similar temporal trends for L. cristatus laying dates for the overlapping periods. As long as the yearly number of observations is reasonable and spatial variation is adequately controlled, all data types give reliable information on breeding times and their changes. Our results emphasize that, besides nest card data, the ringing data are a valuable source of information on breeding phenology, and allow the avoidance of the potential problem of generalizing temporal changes based on a handful of model species for which intensive monitoring data are available.

Zusammenfassung

Brutzeittrends der Haubenmeise ( Lophophanes cristatus ) in Südfinnland—ein Vergleich von Datenquellen

Wir haben zeitliche und räumliche Schwankungen in den Brutzeiten eines ausgeprägten Standvogels, der Haubenmeise (Lophophanes cristatus), im Verlauf der letzten 86 Jahre in Südfinnland analysiert. Neben der Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Brutzeiten über diese außergewöhnlich lange Zeitspanne wollten wir drei verschiedene Datentypen (Nestkartendaten, Beringungsdaten und intensive Populationskontrolldaten) hinsichtlich ihrer Übereinstimmung in Bezug auf zeitliche Veränderungen der Legedaten vergleichen. In der längsten Zeitreihe, den Nestkartendaten, zeigen die Legedaten von L. cristatus einen quadratischen Trend über die Jahre-von den 1920ern und 1930ern bis zu den 1950ern und 1960ern verspätete sich der Legebeginn und rückte dann von den 1960ern bis zu den 2000ern wieder vor. L. cristatus beginnt mit der Eiablage nun etwa neun Tage früher als in den 1960ern und etwa sechs Tage früher als in den 1920ern und 1930ern. Dies lässt sich zum Teil mit erhöhten März-April-Temperaturen in Südfinnland erklären, doch die Legedaten sind stärker vorgerückt, als sich allein aufgrund von Temperaturveränderungen erwarten ließe. Alle Datentypen zeigten sehr ähnliche zeitliche Trends für die Legedaten von L. cristatus für die überlappenden Zeitabschnitte. Solange die Zahl der jährlichen Beobachtungen angemessen ist und räumliche Schwankungen adäquat berücksichtigt werden, liefern alle Datentypen verlässliche Informationen über Brutzeiten und ihre Veränderungen. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass außer Nestkartendaten auch Beringungsdaten wertvolle Informationen über die Brutphänologie liefern, und erlauben es, das potenzielle Problem zu vermeiden, zeitliche Veränderungen basierend auf einer Handvoll Modellarten, für die intensive Beobachtungsdaten vorliegen, zu verallgemeinern.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Risto A. Väisänen and Jari Valkama from the Finnish Museum of Natural History for their help with time series. Heimo Törmä and Mia Rönkä are acknowledged for the breeding time data series from Huittinen. Finnish volunteer ornithologists, who have collected a major part of the data in this study, are acknowledged for their huge effort. Our study was financied by the Academy of Finland (to TE, project 8119367) and Kone Foundation (to EL).

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Correspondence to T. Eeva.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Eeva, T., Andelmin, P., Hokkanen, T. et al. Breeding time trends of the Crested Tit (Lophophanes cristatus) in southern Finland: comparison of data sources. J Ornithol 153, 653–661 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0783-1

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