Skip to main content
Log in

Molecular insights on the re-colonization of the Limpopo Valley, South Africa, by Southern Ground-Hornbills

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2–9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100 km2), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. In the Limpopo Valley of South Africa, the species is currently re-establishing after a serious decline in numbers. In this study, we use observation, capture and population genetics approaches to gain insights into the nature of the re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley. We determined the effective population size, genetic diversity estimates, relatedness, parentage, sex ratios, age structure and productivity. The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by the very low levels of average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within-group relatedness was as expected, with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Inferences on breeding behaviour based on genetic testing results provides the first evidence that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances recorded of extra pair copulations. Finally, we demonstrate the application of microsatellite markers to enumerate processes that are difficult to quantify through observation.

Zusammenfassung

Molekulare Einblicke in die Wiederbesiedlung des Limpopo Valley, Südafrika, durch Südliche Hornraben

Südliche Hornraben (Bucorvus leadbeateri) sind kooperative Brutvögel, die in Gruppen von 2–9 Individuen brüten. Lange Lebensspannen, große Brutterritorien (100 km2) und niedrige Reproduktionsraten machen diese Vogelart anfällig für Gefährdungen wie Lebensraumverlust, Verfolgung, Vergiftung und Verlust von geeigneten Nistplätzen. Im Limpopo Valley in Südafrika erholt sich aktuell das Vorkommen dieser Art nach einem deutlichen Bestandsrückgang. In dieser Studie nutzten wir Beobachtungs- und Fangdaten sowie populationsgenetische Ansätze um einen tieferen Einblick in die Struktur der Wiederbesiedlung des Limpopo Valley. Wir bestimmten die aktuelle Populationsgröße, genetische Diversität, Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse, Abstammung, Geschlechterverhältnisse, Altersstruktur und Produktivität. Die Wiederbesiedlung des Limpopo Valley zeigte, dass eine Anzahl nicht-verwandter Individuen auftrat. Dies konnte belegt werden durch ein sehr niedriges Niveau der Verwandtschaftsgrade innerhalb der Population, so wie durch günstige Heterozygositätsgrade über Altersund Geschlechterkategorien. Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb einer Gruppe konnten wie erwartet nachgewiesen werden, wobei Juvenile mit mindestens einem Elterntier aus ihrer eigenen Geburtsgruppe verwandt waren. Brutverhaltne und genetische Daten geben erste Belege dafür, dass Südliche Hornraben nicht so monogam sind wie zuvor angenommen: zweimal konnten Kopulationen außerhalb des Paarverbundes nachgewiesen werden. Schließlich zeigen wir die Anwendbarkeit von Mikrosatellitenmarkern zur Verdeutlichung von Prozessen, die durch reine Beobachtungen nur schwer zu quantifizieren sind.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cunningham PL (1996) Prospects for sustained harvesting of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) on the Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve and its implications for browsing ungulates. Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

  • Du Plessis MA, Siegfried WR, Armstrong AJ (1995) Ecological and life-history correlates of cooperative breeding in South African Birds. Oecologia 102:180–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S (2005) Arlequin, version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory (CMPG), Institute of Zoology, University of Berne, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Fridolfsson AK, Ellegren H (1999) A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. J Avian Biol 30:116–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths R, Double MC, Orr K, Dawson RJG (1998) A DNA test to sex most birds. Mol Ecol 7:1071–1075. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00389.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones OR, Wang J (2010) COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Mol Ecol Resour 10:551–555. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02787.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp AC (2000) Southern Ground Hornbill. In: Barnes KN (ed) The Eskom red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg, pp 117–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp AC, Kemp MI (1980) The biology of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (Aves: Bucerotidae). Ann Transvaal Mus 32:65–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp MI, Kemp AC (1991) Timing of egg laying by Southern Ground Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri in the central Kruger National Park, South Africa. Ostrich 62:80–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight GM (1990) Status, distribution and foraging ecology of the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvuscafer) in Natal. Dissertation, University Natal, Durban

  • Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, Aggarwal RK, Allainguillaume J et al (2011) Permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 August 2010–30 September 2010. Mol Ecol Resour 11:219–222. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02944.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison K, Daly B, Burden D, Engelbrecht D, Jordan M, Kemp A, Kemp M, Potgieter C, Turner A, Friedmann Y (ed) (2005) Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) PHVA workshop report. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN)/CBSG South Africa; Endangered Wildlife Trust

  • Neff BD, Gross MR (2001) Microsatellite evolution in vertebrates: inference from AC dinucleotide repeats. Evolution 55:1717–1733. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00822.x

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89:583–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park SDE (2001) Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Dissertation, University of Dublin

  • Vernon CJ (1984) The Ground Hornbill at the Southern extremity of its range. Ostrich 57:16–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J (2002) An estimator for pairwise relatedness using molecular markers. Genetics 160:1203–1215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J (2004) Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors. Genetics 166:1963–1979. doi:10.1534/genetics.166.4.1963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J (2009) A new method for estimating effective population sizes from a single sample of multilocus genotypes. Mol Ecol 18:2148–2164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04175.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J (2010) COANCESTRY: a program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients. Mol Ecol Resour 11(1):141–145. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02885.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Santure AW (2009) Parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data under polygamy. Genetics 181:1579–1594. doi:10.1534/genetics.108.100214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Percy FitzPatrick Institute (University of Cape Town) for donating samples from the Kruger National Park. Sub-samples of all individuals were sent for biomaterial banking at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa. Our gratitude to the many farmers in the Limpopo Valley who contributed to this study. We further acknowledge the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project for providing valuable information and the National Research Foundation for financial support towards the molecular genetic analysis. The proposal for this project has been reviewed by the Ethics and Scientific Committee of the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa. Furthermore, all relevant permits and permission from landowners were acquired before capture and sampling of SGH in the Limpopo Province. Finally, we acknowledge the helpful inputs of two anonymous reviewers.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Theron.

Additional information

Communicated by M. Wink.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Theron, N., Dalton, D., Grobler, J.P. et al. Molecular insights on the re-colonization of the Limpopo Valley, South Africa, by Southern Ground-Hornbills. J Ornithol 154, 727–737 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-0937-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-013-0937-4

Keywords

Navigation