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High winter site fidelity in a long-distance migrant: implications for wintering ecology and survival estimates

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Abstract

The decision for a migratory animal to be site faithful in its non-breeding season has profound implications for migratory connectivity, resilience to winter habitat loss and population dynamics through carry-over effects on future breeding success and fitness. Knowledge of the temporal and spatial scale of site fidelity and dispersal is also central to accurate survival estimates. We established the observed spatial and temporal scale of site fidelity and the ability to detect small-scale dispersal within and between years for a wintering long-distance Palearctic migrant, the Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, by comparing predicted and observed detection rates within the study site. Across 2 years, 54 % of birds returned to the study site and all returning birds reoccupied the territories they used in the previous winter. Observed dispersal was very low despite the high probability of detecting any local dispersal, suggesting that return rates are indicative of true between-winter survival rates for this population. In any winter, 50 % of returning individuals had a previously occupied but now empty territory that was less than one territory-span away from the centre of their current territory; high site fidelity was therefore very unlikely to be because of limited territory availability. Over-winter residency time (defined by departure month) differed significantly across sites and with age, but did not determine the probability of whether a bird returned in the following year. This suggests the use of more than one wintering site for some individuals, rather than reduced over-winter survival. This study is one of the first to comprehensively document site fidelity at the territory scale in a Palearctic system, although less comprehensive studies or anecdotal evidence suggests that high winter site fidelity may be relatively common. Here we provide evidence for the serial residency hypothesis, where selection acts for individual migrants to have generalist habitat requirements, allowing them to survive in and remain site faithful to even relatively low-quality, but sufficient and familiar sites. Lower dispersal and higher site fidelity compared to that during breeding suggest that annual survival estimates are more accurate when measured on the wintering grounds. This study supports previous findings that wintering conditions do not limit Whinchat populations.

Zusammenfassung

Hohe Wintergebietstreue bei einem Langstreckenzieher und deren Bedeutung für Winterökologie und Überlebensraten

Entscheidet sich ein ziehender Organismus außerhalb der Brutzeit zur Ortstreue, so hat dies weitreichende Folgen für Zugkonnektivität, Toleranz gegenüber Lebensraumverlusten im Wintergebiet und - aufgrund von zeitverzögerten Effekten auf zukünftigen Bruterfolg und Fitness - für die Populationsdynamik. Wissen über das zeitliche und räumliche Ausmaß von Ortstreue und Abwanderung ist außerdem von entscheidender Bedeutung für genaue Schätzungen von Überlebensraten. Durch den Vergleich vorhergesagter und tatsächlicher Nachweisraten im Untersuchungsgebiet bestimmten wir das beobachtete räumliche und zeitliche Ausmaß der Ortstreue und der Nachweisbarkeit kleinräumiger Abwanderung sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen verschiedenen Jahren bei einem überwinternden Langstreckenzieher, dem Braunkehlchen Saxicola rubetra. Über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren kehrten 54 % der Vögel ins Untersuchungsgebiet zurück und alle Rückkehrer besetzten wieder ihre Territorien vom vorigen Winter. Obwohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit, lokale Abwanderung zu registrieren, sehr hoch war, lag die beobachtete Abwanderung trotzdem sehr niedrig, was ein Zeichen dafür ist, dass die Rückkehrraten die tatsächlichen Überlebensraten von einem Winter zum nächsten für diese Population gut abbilden. In jedem der Winter befand sich bei 50 % der Rückkehrer ein vormals besetztes aber nun vakantes Revier in weniger als einer Territoriumsspanne Abstand vom Zentrum; die große Ortstreue wird daher höchstwahrscheinlich nicht durch begrenzte Revierverfügbarkeit bedingt. Die Überwinterungsdauer (definiert durch den Monat des Abzugs) variierte signifikant zwischen den Orten und mit dem Alter, war aber nicht bestimmend für die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, ob ein Vogel im Folgejahr zurückkehrt. Dies spricht eher dafür, dass manche Individuen mehrere Überwinterungsgebiete nutzen als für verringerte Winterüberlebensraten. Dies ist eine der ersten Studien zur umfassenden Dokumentation von Ortstreue auf Revierniveau in einem paläarktischen System, obgleich weniger übergreifende Studien sowie anekdotische Hinweise nahelegen, dass eine hohe Wintergebietstreue recht häufig sein könnte. Hier liefern wir Belege für die Serial Residency-Hypothese, bei der die Selektion bewirkt, dass individuelle Zugvögel Lebensraumgeneralisten sind, die in Gebieten von relativ schlechter Qualität überleben können und diesen treu bleiben, so lange es genug davon gibt und sie mit diesen vertraut sind. Eine geringere Abwanderung und höhere Ortstreue als zur Brutzeit spricht dafür, dass die jährlichen Überlebensraten genauer geschätzt werden können, wenn sie in den Überwinterungsgebieten bestimmt werden. Diese Untersuchung bestätigt ältere Befunde, die besagen, dass Braunkehlchenpopulationen nicht durch die Überwinterungsbedingungen begrenzt werden.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Leventis Conservation Foundation. We thank the staff and associates of the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute who made this study possible and who assisted with data collection, and the referees who helped to improve this manuscript. This is paper number 92 from the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute. This study complies with the current ethics regulations of Nigeria and the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute.

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Blackburn, E., Cresswell, W. High winter site fidelity in a long-distance migrant: implications for wintering ecology and survival estimates. J Ornithol 157, 93–108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1252-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1252-z

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