Abstract
The tomato borer Tuta absoluta is a major pest of tomato mainly controlled by chemical insecticides. However, development of resistance to specific chemical classes has made control of the pest extremely difficult. Emamectin benzoate belongs to the avermectin mode of action and to date, low or no resistance levels against this insecticide have been documented. Recently, reduced efficacy of emamectin benzoate was documented, in a field population from Crete (ninefold resistant ratio (RR)). Subsequent laboratory selections with emamectin benzoate for eight sequential generations resulted in an increase of the RR to 60-fold, the highest resistance level reported to the particular insecticide. Hereby, we are presenting the characterization of emamectin benzoate resistance in T. absoluta. Sequencing of the GluCl and GABA receptor (rdl) genes, the molecular targets of emamectin benzoate indicted absence of non-synonymous SNPs. The use of known enzyme inhibitors (PBO, DEF and DEM) revealed that P450s partially synergized emamectin benzoate resistance, suggesting potential implication of metabolic resistance. RNAseq approach was used to identify differentially expressed genes, from emamectin benzoate resistant and susceptible T. absoluta populations. Twelve libraries were sequenced using the Illumina platform, which generated 81 Gbp, thus substantially increasing the number of publicly available genomic resources for this species. The de novo transcriptome assembly consisted of 549,601 contigs, grouped in 233,453 unigenes. Differential expression analysis and qPCR validation revealed over-expression of one unigene similar to cytochrome P450 (Clan 4) potentially implicated in emamectin benzoate resistance, supporting further the involvement of P450s in the observed resistance phenotype.
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Data availability
The datasets used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon justified request. The sequencing reads are available from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the bioproject accession PRJNA749726. https://dataview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/object/PRJNA749726?reviewer=qnecd1etje9f0bbpfddb4s9vue
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Acknowledgements
This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund—ESF) through the Operational Programme “Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning” in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ) (M.S.). This research has been co-financed by Greek national funds through the Public Investments Project (PIP) of General Secretariat for Research & Technology (GSRT), under the Emblematic Action “Research in the Agri-Food Sector of Crete", which is part of Subproject 2, “Pilot application of new standards of agricultural production" of the project sector of agri-food” (project code 2018 ΣΕ01300000). The research has been co-financed by the project Smart Diagnostic tools and database to support precision plant protection in horticultural crops in Crete' 'SmartPP' funded by the Crete Operational Program 2014-2020 and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), under the Priority Axis “Enhancing the Competitiveness, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship of Crete", Action 1.b.1: Demonstration—Experimental Development Projects, Promoting Research and Innovation in RIS3Crete. Also, this study is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project “Reinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers—2nd Cycle” (MIS-5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ) (A.I.).
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Stavrakaki, M., Ilias, A., Ioannidis, P. et al. Investigating mechanisms associated with emamectin benzoate resistance in the tomato borer Tuta absoluta. J Pest Sci 95, 1163–1177 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01448-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01448-2