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Unraveling Trichoderma species in the attine ant environment: description of three new taxa

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Abstract

Fungus-growing “attine” ants forage diverse substrates to grow fungi for food. In addition to the mutualistic fungal partner, the colonies of these insects harbor a rich microbiome composed of bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Previous work reported some Trichoderma species in the fungus gardens of leafcutter ants. However, no studies systematically addressed the putative association of Trichoderma with attine ants, especially in non-leafcutter ants. Here, a total of 62 strains of Trichoderma were analyzed using three molecular markers (ITS, tef1 and rpb2). In addition, 30 out of 62 strains were also morphologically examined. The strains studied correspond to the largest sampling carried out so far for Trichoderma in the attine ant environment. Our results revealed the richness of Trichoderma in this environment, since we found 20 Trichoderma species, including three new taxa described in the present work (Trichoderma attinorum, Trichoderma texanum and Trichoderma longifialidicum spp. nov.) as well as a new phylogenetic taxon (LESF 545). Moreover, we show that all 62 strains grouped within different clades across the Trichoderma phylogeny, which are identical or closely related to strains derived from several other environments. This evidence supports the transient nature of the genus Trichoderma in the attine ant colonies. The discovery of three new species suggests that the dynamic foraging behavior of these insects might be responsible for accumulation of transient fungi into their colonies, which might hold additional fungal taxa still unknown to science.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq) for the scholarship provided to QVM (under the CNPq/PEC-PG program, Award # 190401/2012-5) and “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo” (FAPESP) for the research Grant (# 2011/16765-0) conceded to AR. We acknowledge Dr. Heide-Marie Daniel (associate editor), Nhu Nguyen, one anonymous reviewer, Tássio Brito de Oliveira and members of the “Laboratory of Fungal Ecology and Systematics” for the constructive comments on this manuscript. We are also grateful to Sérgio Kakazu for sequencing, Dr. Mauricio Bacci Jr. for providing facilities for DNA sequencing and Dr. Ulrich Mueller for providing the logistics and financial support for collecting attine ants in the US.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Avenida 24-A, n. 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, CEP: 13.506-900, Brazil

    Quimi Vidaurre Montoya, Lucas Andrade Meirelles & Andre Rodrigues

  2. Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Lucas Andrade Meirelles

  3. Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Priscila Chaverri

  4. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apartado 11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Priscila Chaverri

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  1. Quimi Vidaurre Montoya
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Correspondence to Andre Rodrigues.

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Montoya, Q.V., Meirelles, L.A., Chaverri, P. et al. Unraveling Trichoderma species in the attine ant environment: description of three new taxa. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 109, 633–651 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-016-0666-9

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