Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in indoor nursery tanks under biofloc conditions at different salinities and zero-water exchange

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Shrimp farming at low salinity is a trend that will continue to grow globally. Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae in the nursery at different salinities with a biofloc technology (BFT) system needs to be explored further, as the nursery is currently used as a transitional stage between the hatchery and grow-out ponds. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of seven salinity levels (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 25, and 35 ‰) on the performance of L. vannamei postlarvae reared with a BFT system and zero-water exchange at 2000 org/m3. Additionally, this study evaluated the water quality of all salinity treatments. After 28 days of culture, the findings showed that, under biofloc conditions, salinity affected the performance of some variables of water quality in some cases, but only the combination of a high nitrite-N concentration (>4 mg/l) and low salinity (2 and 4 ‰) caused up to 100 % shrimp mortality in the first 2 weeks. In the rest of the treatments (8, 12, 16, 25, and 35  ‰), shrimp survival was >72 %. Shrimp mortality was affected by salinity, especially when it decreased from 35–25–16 to 12 and 8 ‰. The organisms reared at low salinities presented lower final weights and specific growth rate than those reared at higher salinities. An inverse relationship was shown between the ion concentration and the final weight of shrimp.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • APHA (American Public Health Association) (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Water Works Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Avnimelech Y (1999) Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176:227–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AWWA (American Water Works Association) (2002) Simplified procedures for water examination, 5th edn. (M12). American Water Works Association, Denver, CO

    Google Scholar 

  • Becerra-Dorame MJ, Martinez-Cordova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, Hernández-López J, Lopez-Elías JA, Mendoza-Cano F (2014) Effect of using autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial-based-systems for the pre-grown of Litopenaeus vannamei, on the production performance and selected haemolymph parameters. Aquac Res 45:944–948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castille FL, Lawrence AL (1981) The effect of salinity in the osmotic, sodium, and chloride concentrations in the haemolymph of euryhaline shrimp of the genus Penaeus. Comp Biochem Physiol 106B:293–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JC, Lin YC (2003) Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture 224:193–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng KM, Hu CQ, Liu YN, Zheng SX, Qi XJ (2005) Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water. Aquac Nutr 11:385–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng KM, Hu CQ, Liu YN, Zheng SX, Qi XJ (2006) Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water. Aquaculture 251:472–483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis DA, Boyd CE, Rouse DB, Saoud IP (2005) Effects of potassium, magnesium, and age on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared in inland low salinity well waters in west Alabama. J World Aquac Soc 36:403–406

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schryver P, Crab R, Defoirdt T, Boon N, Verstraete W (2008) The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture 277:125–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Schryver P, Defoirdt T, Boon N, Verstraete W, Bossier P (2012) Managing the microbiota in aquaculture systems for disease prevention and control. In: Austin B (ed) Infectious disease in aquaculture: prevention and control. Woodhead Pub Ltd, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Decamp O, Cody J, Conquest L, Delanoy G, Tacon AGJ (2003) Effect of salinity on natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems. Aquac Res 34:345–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE (eds) (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 10th edn. American Published Health Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling JM, Timmons MB, Bisogni JJ (2006) Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic control of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture production systems. Aquaculture 257:346–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerenciano M, Cuzon G, Goguenheim J, Gaxiola G, AQUACOP (2012) Floc contribution on spawning performance of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Aquac Res 44:75–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries J, Getrost H (1977) Organic reagents for trace analysis. In: Merck E (ed) Tetraphenylborate method. MERCK, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  • Furtado PS, Poersch LH, Wasielesky W (2011) Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture 32:130–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furtado PS, Gaona CAP, Poersch LH, Wasielesky W (2014) Application of different doses of calcium hydroxide in the farming shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with the biofloc technology (BFT). Aquac Int 22:1009–1023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaona CAP, Poersch LH, Krummenauer D, Fóes GK, Wasielesky W (2011) The effect of solids removal on water quality, growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc technology culture system. Int J Rec Aquac 12:54–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross A, Abutbul S, Zilberg D (2004) Acute and chronic effects of nitrite on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in low salinity brackish water. J World Aquac Soc 35:315–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L (2006) The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and water clarity in aquatic systems. Ecol Res 21:75–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hari B, Madhusoodana K, Varghese JT, Schrama JW, Verdegem MCJ (2004) Effects of carbohydrate addition on production in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture 241:179–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hari B, Kurup BM, Varghese JT, Schrama JW, Verdegem MCJ (2006) The effect of carbohydrate addition on water quality and the nitrogen budget in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture 252:248–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou C, Wang F, Dong S, Zhu Y, Yu T (2012) Effects of constant Ca2+ concentration in salinity fluctuations on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Int 20:177–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang HJ (1983) Factors affecting the successful culture of Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei at an estuarine power plant site: temperature, salinity, inherent growth variability, damselfly nymph predation, population density and distribution, and polyculture. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA

  • Jayasankar V, Jasmani S, Nomura T, Nohara S, Huong DTT, Wilder MN (2009) Low salinity rearing of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: acclimation, survival and growth of postlarvae and juveniles. Jpn Agric Res Q 43:345–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jory DE, Cabrera TR, Dugger DM, Fegan D, Lee PG, Lawrence AL, Jackson CJ, McIntosh RP, Castañeda J (2001) A global review of shrimp feed management: status and perspectives. In: Browdy CL, Jory DE (eds) The new wave: proceedings of the special session on sustainable shrimp culture, aquaculture. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK, Jang IK, Seo HC, Cho YR, Samocha T, Pang Z (2014) Effect of bioflocs on growth and immune activity of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquac Res 45:362–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laramore S, Laramore CR, Scarpa J (2001) Effect of low salinity on growth and survival of postlarvae and juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. J World Aquac Soc 32:385–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CH, Chen JC (2004) Effect of ammonia on the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 16:321–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maicá PF, Borba MR, Wasielesky W (2012) Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zero-water exchange super-intensive system. Aquac Res 43:361–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw WJ, Davis DA, Teichert-Coddington D, Rouse DB (2002) Acclimation of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae to low salinity: influence of age, salinity endpoint and rate of salinity reduction. J World Aquac Soc 33:78–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra JK, Samocha TM, Patnaik S, Speed M, Gandy RL, Ali AM (2008) Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition. Aquac Eng 38:2–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogle JT, Beaugez K, Lotz L (1992) Effects of salinity on survival and growth of postlarval Penaeus vannamei. Gulf Res Rep 8:415–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Pante MJR (1990) Influence of environmental stress on the heritability of molting frequency and growth rate of the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Houston-Clear lake, Houston, TX, USA

  • Ponce-Palafox JT, Martinez-Palacios CA, Ross LG (1997) The effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture 157:107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker WE (1979) Growth rates and models. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, Brett JR (eds) Fish Physiology, Bioenergetics and Growth, vol VIII. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas C, Cuzon G, Gaxiola G, Priol YL, Pascual C, Rossignyol J, Contreras F, Sanchez A, Wormhoudt AV (2001) Metabolism and growth of juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei: effect of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 259:1–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy LA, Davis DA, Saoud IP, Henry RP (2007) Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters. Aquaculture 262:461–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy LA, Davia DA, Saoud P, Boyd CA, Pine HJ, Boyd CE (2010) Farming culture in inland low salinity waters. Rev Aquac 2:191–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samocha TM, Patnaik S, Speed M, Ali AM, Burger JM, Almeida RV, Ayub Z, Harisanto M, Horowitz A, Brook DL (2007) Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Eng 36:184–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saoud IP, Davis DA, Rouse DB (2003) Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Aquaculture 217:373–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiau SY (1998) Nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimp. Aquaculture 164:77–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith VJ, Brown JH, Hauton C (2003) Immunostimulation in crustaceans: Does it really protect against infection? Fish Shellfish Immunol 15:71–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strikland JDH, Parsons TH (1972) A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish Research Board of Canada Bulletin, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (1983) Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and guides, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wyk P, Scarpa J (1999) Water quality requirements and management. In: VanWyk P (ed) Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez L, Alpuche J, Maldonado G, Agundis C, Pereyra-morales A, Zenteno E (2009) Immunity mechanisms in crustaceans. Innate Immun 15:179–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villarreal H, Hinojosa P, Naranjo J (1994) Effect of temperature and salinity on the oxygen consumption of laboratory produced Penaeus vannamei postlarvae. Comp Biochem Physiol 108A:331–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker SJ, Neill WH, Lawrence AL, Gatlin DM (2009) Effect of salinity and body weight on ecophysiological performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 380:119–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasielesky W, Atwood H, Stokes A, Browdy CL (2006) Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 258:396–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu WJ, Pan LQ (2013) Enhancement of immune response and antioxidant status of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile in biofloc-based culture tanks manipulating high C/N ratio of feed input. Aquaculture 412–413:117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu WJ, Pan LQ (2014) Evaluation of dietary protein level on selected parameters of immune and antioxidant systems, and growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared in zero-water exchange biofloc-based culture tanks. Aquaculture 426–427:181–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xuying J, Sen D, Fang W, Shuanglin D (2014) A comparative study on the nonspecific immunity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei ever inhabiting freshwater and seawater. J Ocean Univ China 13:472–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao P, Huang J, Wang XH, Song XL, Yang CH, Zhang XG (2012) The application of bioflocs technology in high-intensive, zero exchange farming systems of Marsupenaeus japonicus. Aquaculture 354–355:97–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ministry of Fishery and Aquaculture (MPA) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES). W. Wasielesky Jr. is research fellow of CNPq. This work is part of the post-doctoral activities of H. M. Esparza-Leal, Ph.D., at the Universidad Federal do Rio Grande (FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), who received post-doc fellowships from CONACYT (Grant 203621) and Instituto Politécnico Nacional (leave of absence COP/COTEBAL/RR-09/14). The authors thank Sandro Fabres for assistance with the water quality analysis during the experimental work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Acuacultura, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes # 250, 81101, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico

    Héctor M. Esparza-Leal

  2. Laboratório de Carcinocultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Post-doc, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua do Hotel, 02, Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 96210-030, Brazil

    Héctor M. Esparza-Leal, João A. Amaral Xavier & Wilson Wasielesky Jr.

Authors
  1. Héctor M. Esparza-Leal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. João A. Amaral Xavier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wilson Wasielesky Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Héctor M. Esparza-Leal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Esparza-Leal, H.M., Amaral Xavier, J.A. & Wasielesky, W. Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in indoor nursery tanks under biofloc conditions at different salinities and zero-water exchange. Aquacult Int 24, 1435–1447 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0001-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0001-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation