Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Predictors of Sexual Assertiveness: The Role of Sexual Desire, Arousal, Attitudes, and Partner Abuse

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was conducted to test interpersonal, attitudinal, and sexual predictors of sexual assertiveness in a Spanish sample of 1,619 men and 1,755 women aged 18–87 years. Participants completed measures of sexual assertiveness, solitary and dyadic sexual desire, sexual arousal, erectile function, sexual attitudes, and frequency of partner abuse. In men, higher sexual assertiveness was predicted by less non-physical abuse, more positive attitudes toward sexual fantasies and erotophilia, higher dyadic desire, and higher sexual arousal. In women, higher sexual assertiveness was predicted by less non-physical abuse, less solitary sexual desire and higher dyadic sexual desire, arousal, erotophilia, and positive attitudes towards sexual fantasies. Results were discussed in the light of prevention and educational programs that include training in sexual assertiveness skills.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Apt, C., & Hurlbert, D. F. (1993). The sexuality of women in physically abusive marriages: A comparative study. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 57–69. doi:10.1007/BF00986993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byers, E. S., & Heinlein, L. (1989). Predicting sexual initiations and refusals of sexual activities in married and cohabiting heterosexual couples. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 210–231. doi:10.1080/00224498909551507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpintero, E., & Fuertes, A. (1994). Validación de la versión castellana del “Sexual Opinion Survey” (SOS). Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomática, 31, 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression. Correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, T. L. (2004). Seropositive individuals’ willingness to communicate, self-efficacy, and assertiveness prior to HIV infection. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 395–424. doi:10.1080/10810730490504125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desvarieux, A. R., Salamanca, Y., Ortega, V., & Sierra, J. C. (2005). Validación de la versión en castellano del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Fantasy: una medida de actitud hacia las fantasías sexuales. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 33, 529–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, M., Lloyd, E. E., & Phelps, G. H. (1979). Sexual assertiveness in spinal cord injury. Sexuality and Disability, 2, 293–300. doi:10.1007/BF01101395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, M., Rankin, M. A., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., & Worthington, J. J. (1998). An open trial of oral sildenafil in antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 67, 328–331. doi:10.1159/000012299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. A., Byrne, D., White, L. A., & Kelley, K. (1988). Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 123–151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, L. L., Quina, K., Morokoff, P. J., Rose, J. S., & Grimley, D. M. (1993). HIV risk in women: A multifaceted model. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 1, 3–38. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.1993.tb00025.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, W. W., & McIntosh, S. R. (1981). The assessment of spouse abuse: Two quantifiable dimensions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 873–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, D. F. (1991). The role of assertiveness in female sexuality: A comparative study between sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 17, 183–190. doi:10.1080/00926239108404342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, D. F., & Apt, C. (1993). Female sexuality: A comparative study between women in homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 19, 315–327. doi:10.1080/00926239308404375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, D. F., Apt, C., Hurlbert, M. K., & Pierce, A. P. (2000). Sexual compatibility and the sexual desire-motivation relation in females with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Behavior Modification, 24, 325–347. doi:10.1177/0145445500243002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, D. F., Apt, C., & Rabehl, S. M. (1993). Key variables to understanding female sexual satisfaction: An examination of women in nondistressed marriages. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 19, 154–165. doi:10.1080/00926239308404899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.51. Chicago: Scientific Software International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. A., Murphy, D. A., Washington, C. D., Wilson, T. S., Koob, J. J., Davis, D. R., et al. (1994). The effects of HIV/AIDS intervention groups for high-risk women in urban clinics. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1918–1922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labbate, L. A., & Lare, S. B. (2001). Sexual dysfunction in male psychiatric outpatients: Validity of the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 221–225. doi:10.1159/000056257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiblum, S. R. (Ed.). (2007). Principles and practice of sex therapy (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lottes, I. (2000). New researches on sexual health. In I. Lottes & O. Kontula (Eds.), New views on sexual health: The case of Finland (pp. 7–28). Helsinki: Population Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, A. C. (2008). Interpersonal and psychosexual factors predicting HIV-related risky sex behaviors in heterosexually active women and men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI.

  • Morokoff, P. J., Quina, K., Harlow, L. L., Whitmire, L., Grimley, D. M., Gibson, P. R., et al. (1997). Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: Development and validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 790–804. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, W. D., Coleman, E., Hoon, E., & Scott, C. (1980). Sexual dysfunction and treatment in alcoholic women. Sexuality and Disability, 3, 240–255. doi:10.1007/BF01207674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega, V., Ojeda, P., Sutil, F., & Sierra, J. C. (2005). Culpabilidad sexual en adolescentes: estudio de algunos factores relacionados. Anales de Psicología, 21, 268–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortega, V., Zubeidat, I., & Sierra, J. C. (2006). Further examination of measurement properties of Spanish version of the Sexual Desire Inventory with undergraduates and adolescent students. Psychological Reports, 99, 147–165. doi:10.2466/pr0.99.1.147-165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, C. (1997). Sexual health, assertiveness and HIV. Cambridge: Daniels Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perla, F., Sierra, J. C., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, R. (2009). Un estudio psicométrico de la versión española reducida del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Fantasy. Boletin de Psicología, 96, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, A. P., & Hurlbert, D. F. (1999). Test–retest reliability of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 88, 31–34. doi:10.2466/pms.1999.88.1.31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regan, P. C., & Atkins, L. (2006). Sex differences and similarities in frequency and intensity of sexual desire. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 95–102. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., & Byers, E. S. (2011). The role of verbal and nonverbal communication in couple’s sexual satisfaction. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(suppl. 3), 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., Calvillo, G., & Sierra, J. C. (2012). A further examination of Levine’s model of sexual desire. Psychology & Sexuality. doi: 10.1080/19419899.2011.576697.

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., & Sierra, J. C. (2010a). El papel de la asertividad sexual en la sexualidad humana: una revisión sistemática. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10, 553–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., & Sierra, J. C. (2010b). Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness: A study of psychometric properties in a Spanish sample. Psychological Reports, 107, 39–57. doi:10.2466/02.03.07.17.21.PR0.107.4.39-57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., Sierra, J. C., & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2012). Propiedades psicométricas del Index of Spouse Abuse en una muestra de varones españoles. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Sierra, J. C. (2009). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión breve de la Escala de Ajuste Diádico en muestras españolas. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 501–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Iglesias, P., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Sierra, J. C. (2012). Equivalence and standard scores of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness across Spanish men and women. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. S. (2005). Cycles of shame: menstrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision-making. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 324–334. doi:10.1080/00224490509552288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Monge, F. S., Santos-Iglesias, P., Bermúdez, M. P., & Salinas, J. M. (2011a). Validation of a reduced Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11, 363–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Ortega, V., Santos, P., & Gutiérrez, R. (2007). Estructura factorial, consistencia interna e indicadores de validez de la versión española del Index of Spouse Abuse. Boletín de Psicología, 91, 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Perla, F., & Santos-Iglesias, P. (2011b). Culpabilidad sexual en jóvenes: influencia de las actitudes y la experiencia sexual [Sexual guilt in youngsters: The influence of attitudes and sexual experience]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 43, 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Santos, P., Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, J. R., Gómez, P., & Maeso, M. D. (2008). Un estudio psicométrico del Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness en mujeres hispanas. Terapia Psicológica, 26, 117–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Santos-Iglesias, P. (2011c). Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). Anales de Psicología, 27, 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. C., Vallejo-Medina, P., Santos-Iglesias, P., & Lameiras Fernandez, M. (2012). Validación del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) en población española. Atención Primaria. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2012.02.004.

  • Sikkema, K. J., Winett, R. A., & Lombard, D. N. (1995). Development and evaluation of an HIV risk reduction program for female college students. AIDS Education and Prevention, 7, 145–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22, 53–60. doi:10.1007/BF02701260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. doi:10.1007/BF01542219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (2003). Sexual scripts: Origin, influences, and change. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 491–497. doi:10.1023/B:QUAS.0000005053.99846.e5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell, W. E., Fisher, T. D., & Miller, R. S. (1991). Development of the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire: Components, reliability, and validity. Annals of Sex Research, 4, 65–92. doi:10.1007/BF00850140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spector, I. P., Carey, M. P., & Steinberg, L. (1996). The Sexual Desire Inventory: Development, factor structure, and evidence of reliability. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 22, 175–190. doi:10.1080/00926239608414655.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St. Lawrence, J. S., Brasfield, T. L., Jefferson, K. W., Alleyne, E., O’Bannon, R. E., & Shirley, A. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce African-American adolescents’ risk for HIV infection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 221–237. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.2.221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, S. A., Norris, J., George, W. H., Morrison, D. M., Zawacki, T., Davis, K. C., et al. (2008). Women’s condom use assertiveness and sexual risk-taking: Effects of alcohol intoxication and adult victimization. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1167–1176. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.04.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stulhofer, A., Graham, C., Bozicevic, I., Kufrin, K., & Ajdukovic, D. (2007). An assessment of HIV/STI vulnerability and related sexual risk-taking in a nationally representative sample of young Croatian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 209–225. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9234-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J. S. (1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural models. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 10–39). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Testa, M., & Dermen, K. H. (1999). The differential correlates of sexual coercion and rape. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 548–561. doi:10.1177/088626099014005006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Testa, M., VanZile-Tamsen, C., & Livingston, J. A. (2007). Prospective prediction of women’s sexual victimization by intimate and nonintimate male perpetrators. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 52–60. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, A., Navarro, P., García-Esteve, L., Tarragona, M. J., Ascaso, C., Herreras, Z., et al. (2010). Detecting domestic violence: Spanish external validation of the Index of Spouse Abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 275–286. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9290-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treffke, H., Tiggemann, M., & Ross, M. W. (1992). The relationship between attitude, assertiveness and condom use. Psychology & Health, 6, 45–52. doi:10.1080/08870449208402020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vannier, S. A., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2010). Communicating interest in sex: Verbal and nonverbal initiation of sexual activity in young adults’ romantic dating relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 961–969. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9663-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yagil, D., Karnieli-Miller, O., Eisikovits, Z., & Enosh, G. (2006). Is that a “No”? The interpretation of responses to unwanted sexual attention. Sex Roles, 54, 251–260. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9342-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zubeidat, I., Ortega, V., del Villar, C., & Sierra, J. C. (2003). Un estudio sobre la implicación de las actitudes y fantasías sexuales en el deseo sexual de los adolescentes. Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomática y Psiquiatría de Enlace, 67/68, 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study is part of research project SEJ2007-61824 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and granted to Juan Carlos Sierra. The authors would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for their collaboration during the data collection process: Abilio Reig, Ana Sánchez, Asociación Cultural Galega de Formación Permanente de Adultos, Asociación de Vecinos Porto Bello, Biko Arloak, Centro Quérote, Clínica UNER, Cruz Roja de Ourense, Francisca Fariñas, Javier Fernández Agrafojo, Jordi Llabrés, José Luis Fernández Seara, José Olivares, José Pedro Espada, Juan Cachinero, Lourdes Espinosa, Luis Fernández Ríos, Olga Hernández, Ramón Arce, Raquel Rodríguez, Ricardo Folé, and Rodrigo Carcedo. The authors would also like to thank Sandra Byers, Ph.D., and Susan D. Voyer for their comments to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pablo Santos-Iglesias.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Santos-Iglesias, P., Sierra, J.C. & Vallejo-Medina, P. Predictors of Sexual Assertiveness: The Role of Sexual Desire, Arousal, Attitudes, and Partner Abuse. Arch Sex Behav 42, 1043–1052 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9998-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9998-3

Keywords

Navigation