Abstract
The first documented introduction of an exotic invertebrate biological control agent (IBCA) in Spain occurred in 1908. Sixty-four additional species have been introduced since then. Information, both previously recorded and original data, on the species introduced for pest control is summarized. Most of the introduced IBCAs focused on citrus pests and homopterans clearly predominate among target phytophagous species. Success has been more frequent for IBCAs used in seasonal inoculative strategies (50.0% of cases) than in classical biological control programs (17.1% of cases). Concerns about potential non-target effects of such species are increasing, but post-release evaluation has often been insufficient to draw any conclusions about them. Most of the beneficial species introduced in Spain were parasitoids (n = 53), and the remaining species were predators (n = 12). Only four parasitoids are considered specialized monophagous natural enemies. The mean number of host species parasitized by parasitoids is 15.2, whereas the mean number of prey species attacked by predators is 21.2. Therefore, polyphagy appears to be quite common among the IBCAs that have been introduced in Spain. The rationale guiding many of these introductions in the past would not be acceptable nowadays. Since classical biological control is such a valuable strategy for pest control, straightforward protocols to evaluate exotic candidate species are urgently needed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.R. Ables D.W. McCommas SuffixJr. (1982) ArticleTitleEfficacy of Podisus maculiventris as a predator of Ascogaster quadridentata on greenhouse cotton J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 17 204–206
Agustí, M. 1999. Citricultura. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid.
R. Albajes (2005) Control biològic: del control clàssic a la conservació J. Jacas P. Caballero J. Avilla (Eds) El control biológico de plagas y enfermedades Universitat Jaume I/Universidad Pública de Navarra Castelló, ES 31–47
R. Albajes M.J. Sarasúa J. Avilla J. Arnó R. Gabarra (2003) Integrated pest management in the Mediterranean region: the case of Catalonia, Spain K.M. Maredia D. Dakouo D. Mota-Sánchez (Eds) Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena CABI Publishing Trowbridge, UK 241–355
Anonymous, 1923. Lucha biológica contra los parásitos de las plantas. Rev. Inst. Agric. Catalan S. Isidro LXXII 11: 226.
Y. Argov Y. Rössler (1996) ArticleTitleIntroduction, release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies for biological control of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in Israel Phytoparasitica 24 33–38
G.W. Barber (1936) ArticleTitleOrius insidiosus (Say.), an important natural enemy of corn earworm USDA. Tech. Bull. 504 24
P. Barbosa S.M. Braxton A.E. Segarra-Carmona (1994) ArticleTitleA history of biological control in Maryland Biol. Control 4 185–243 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bcon.1994.1029
P. Barbosa A.E. Segarra-Carmona (1993) Criteria for the selection of pest arthropod species as candidates for biological control R.G. Driesche ParticleVan T.S. Bellows SuffixJr. (Eds) Steps in classical arthropod biological control Proc. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology ESA, Lanham, USA 5–23
Beckwith, R.C. 2004. Forest pest leaflet 139. The Large Aspen Tortrix. http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp/leaflets/Fidl139.htm (24/05/04).
E.H. Beers J.F. Brunner M.J. Willett G.M. Warner (1993) Orchard pest management: a resource book for the Pacific North West Good fruit grower Yakima, USA
M. Begon J.L. Harper C.R. Townsend (1990) Ecology. Individuals Populations and Communities EditionNumber2 Blackwell Science Taunton, MA, USA
M.R. Berenbaum (1994) Bugs in the System. Insects and Their Impact on Human Affairs Helix Books. Adison-Wesley Publishing Company USA
BOE [Boletín Oficial Del Estado]. 2004. Ley 43/2002 de 20 de Noviembre, de Sanidad Vegetal. BOE 21-11-02.
Boller, E.F., J. Avilla, E. Joerg, C. Malavolta, F.J. Wijnands and P. Esbjerg, 2004. Guidelines for integrated production. Principals and technical guidelines. 3rd ed. 2004. IOBC WPRS Bull./Bull. OILB SROP 27.
E.Z. Bouček R.R. Askew (1968) Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Palearctic Eulophidae (Excl Tetrastichinae). Index of entomophagous insects Le François Paris, FR
H.W. Browning (1994) Early classical biological control in citrus D. Rosen F.D. Bennett J.L. Capinera (Eds) Pest management in the subtropics. Biological control-a Florida perspective Intercept Andover, UK 123–128
M. Carber P.A. Inkerman N.J. Ashbolt (1987) ArticleTitleAnagyrus saccharicola Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) another biota associated with Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudoccidae) in Australia J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 26 367–368
M. Casadevall E. Bordas R. Albajes (1979) ArticleTitleLa mosca blanca de los invernaderos, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, en el Maresme I. Estudios preliminares de control integrado en tomate An. INIA. Ser. Prot. Veg. 1 45–46
C.E. Causton M.P. Lincango T.G.A. Poulsom (2004) ArticleTitleFeeding range studies of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), a candidate biological control agent of Icerya purchasi in the Galápagos Islands Biol. Control 29 315–325 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.07.002
Charles, J.G. and D.J. Allan, 2002. An ecological perspective to host-specificitytesting of biocontrol agents. http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/nzpps/proceedings/02/02_037.pdf (25/10/04).
Charleston, D.S., R. Kfir, N.J. Rensburg van, B.N. Barnes, V. Hatting, D.E. Conlong, D. Visser and G.J. Prinsloo . Integrated Pest management in South Africa. In: K.M. Maredia, D. Dakouo and D. Mota-Sánchez (eds), Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. CABI Publishing, Trowbridge, UK. pp. 169–195.
M. Civantos (1997) Control de plagas y enfermedades del olivar Consejo Oleícola Interbacional Madrid, ES
Cohen, I. 1975. From biological to integrated control of citrus pests in Israel. pp. 38–41. In: Citrus. Ciba-Geigy Ltd. Technical monograph No. 4. Basle, CH.
M.J.W. Copland H.A.S. Perera M. Heidary (1993) ArticleTitleInfluence of host plant on the biocontrol of glasshouse mealybug Bull. OILB/SROP 16 44–47
Coulson J.R. 1992. Releases of beneficial organisms in the United States and territories-1982. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 1505.
Coulson J.R., A. Carrel and D.L. Vincent, 1988. Releases of beneficial organisms in the United States and territories-1981. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 1464.
V. Danon (1989) ArticleTitleBiological control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley Zast. Bilja 40 131–140
F.F. Dicke J.L. Jarvis (1962) ArticleTitleThe habits and seasonal abundance of Orius insidiosus (Say.) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on corn J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 35 339–344
J. Eigelberg H. Hayek C. Lomer (2001) ArticleTitleSuggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control BioControl 46 387–400
EPPO [European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization], 1999. EPPO Standards: Safe use of biological control. PM 6/1 (1): First import of exotic biological control agents for research under contained conditions. OEPP/EPPO, Paris, FR.
EPPO, 2000. EPPO Standards: Safe use of biological control. PM 6/2 (1): Import and release of exotic biological control agents. OEPP/EPPO, Paris, FR.
EPPO, 2004. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/biocontrol (16/9/04).
InstitutionalAuthorNameFAO [Food and Agriculture Organization] (1996) Normas internacionales para medidas fitosanitarias. Sección 1 – Reglamento para la importación. Código de conducta para la importación y liberación de agentes exóticos de control biológico FAO Rome, ITA
J.V. Falcó S. Navarro S. Santiago M. Pérez-Hinarejos E. Garzón F. Beitia (2003) ArticleTitleAspectos biológicos de la cría en laboratorio de dos himenópteros parasitoides exóticos de Ceratitis capitata Phytoma España 153 173–174
P. Fimiani (1971) ArticleTitleThe present state of biological control and possibilities of its use in problems concerning olives Ann. Fac. Sci. Agr. Univ. Studi Napoli, Portici 5 145–160
J.H. Frank E.D. McCoy (1993) ArticleTitleThe introduction of insects into Florida Fla. Entomol. 76 1–53
J.M. Fry (1987) Natural enemy databank CIB International Wallingford (UK) 185
R. Gabarra J. Arnó O. Alomar R. Albajes (1999) ArticleTitleNaturally occurring populations of Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)in tomato greenhouses IOBC/WPRS Bull. 22 85–88
F. García Marí R. Vercher J. Costa Comelles C. Marzal M. Villalba (2004) ArticleTitleEstablishment of Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a biological control agent for the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Spain Biol. Control 29 215–226
F. García Marí (2005) Control biológico de plagas en cítricos J. Jacas P. Caballero J. Avilla (Eds) El control biológico de plagas y enfermedades Universitat Jaume I/Universidad Pública de Navarra Castelló, ES 183–191
AP. Garona G. Viggiani (1989) ArticleTitleNotizie preliminari sulla Comperiella lemniscata Compere & Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parassitoide di Chrysomphalus dyctiospermi (Morg.) in Italia Redia 72 523–527
A. Garrido J.J. Ventrura (1993) Plagas de los cítricos. Bases para el manejo integrado M.A.P.A. Madrid, ES
Gómez, S. and M. Ferry, 1996. Problems of the introduction of the biological control in the palm grove in Elche (Spain), against the red scale of the date palm, Phoenicococcus marlatii Cockll. Conf. Intl. Transfers Technol. Lutte Biol. IOBC. 9-11/09/96. Montpellier. FR.
F. Gómez Clemente (1933) ArticleTitleEstación de Fitopatología de Valencia. Servicio Fitopatológico Agrícola Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid, Memoria del Año 1932 47–64
J.A. Goolsby A.A. Kirk D.E. Meyerdirk (2002) ArticleTitleSeasonal phenology and natural enemies of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Australia Flda. Entomol. 85 494–498
D.G. Hall F.D. Bennett (1994) Biological control and IPM of sugarcane pests in Florida D. Rosen F.D. Bennett J.L. Capinera (Eds) Pest Management in the Subtropics Andover UK 297–325
Hernández, E. and A. Carnero, 2000. Enemigos naturales de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci en las Islas Canarias. http://entomologia.rediris.es/congresoiberico/resentaplicada (06/07/04).
B. Herting (1975) ArticleTitleLepidoptera, Part 1 (Microlepidoptera). A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control 6 116–119
H.A. Hespenheide (1991) ArticleTitleBionomics of leaf-mining insects Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36 535–560 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.002535
M.P. Hoffmann R.L. Ridgway E.D. Show J. Matteoni (1998) Practical application of mass-reared natural enemies: selected case histories R.L. Ridgway M.P. Hoffmann M.P. Inscoe C.S. Gleinster (Eds) Mass-Reared Natural Enemies: Application, Regulation, and Needs ESA Lanham, USA 268–293
F.G. Howarth (2001) Environmental issues concerning the importation of non-indigenous biological control agents J.A. Lookwood F.G. Howarth M.F. Purcell (Eds) Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Importing Non-native Biological Control Agents (an international perspective) Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings, Entomological Society of America Lanham, MD, USA 70–99
InstitutionalAuthorNameIAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] (2003) Trapping Guidelines for Area-wide Fruit Fly Programmes IAEA Vienna, AUT
IFAS [Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences], 2004. Beneficial insects and mites. http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/SCOUT/biological.htm(26/05/04).
D.J. Isenhour K.V. Yeargan (1981) ArticleTitlePredation by Orius insidiosus on the soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis, effect of the prey stage and density Environ. Entomol. 10 496–500
J.A. Jacas A. Garrido A. Hermoso de Mendoza M.J. Verdú (1997) ArticleTitleLa estación de cuarentena del IVIA: un paso adelante en la protección de nuestros cultivos Comunitat Valenciana Agrària 10 57–62
J.A. Jacas A. Urbaneja J.L. Ripollés (2005) El futuro del control biológico J. Jacas P. Caballero J. Avilla (Eds) El control biológico de plagas y enfermedades Universitat Jaume I/Universidad Pública de Navarra Castelló, ES 209–223
Junta de Andalucía, 2004, Organismos de control biológico: Aphidius colemani. http://desaveal.ual.es/sifa/bio/org_biologicos/auxiliar.jsp?id=1 (31/04/04).
Junta de Andalucía, 2002. Informe 2002. Medio Ambiente en Andalucía. http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/ima2002/estadisticas/B06 ESPACIOS_ PROTEGIDOS_MUNDO.htm (16/06/04).
P. Katsoyannos (1996) Integrated insect pest management for citrus in northern mediterranean countries Benaki Phytopathological Institute Athens, GR
Kenis, M. and K. Kloosterman, 1999. European parasitoids of the European False Webworm (Acantholyda erytrhocephala (L.)) and their potential for biological control in North America. 65–73 pp. In: A.M. Liebhold, M.L. McManus, I.S. Otvos and S.L.C. Fosbroke, (eds), Proceedings: integrated management and dynamics of forest defoliating insects; 1999 August 15–19; Victoria, CAN.
Z.R. Khan W.A. Overholt A. Ng’eny-Mengech (2003) Integrated pest management case studies from ICIPE K.M. Maredia D. Dakouo D. Mota-Sánchez (Eds) Integrated pest management in the global arena CABI Publishing Trowbridgem, UK 441–452
E.F. Knipling (1995) Principles of insect parasitism analyzed from new perspectives. Practical implications for regulating insect populations by biological means USDA-ARS Greenbelt, MD, USA
G.F. Knowlton (1944) ArticleTitleOrius feeding records Bull. Brook. Entomol. Soc. 39 84–85
A. Lacasa J.M. Llorens (1998) Thrips y su control biológico (y II) Pisa Ediciones Alacant, ES
P.L. Lambdin A.M. Baker (1986) ArticleTitleEvaluation of dewinged spined soldier bugs, Podisus maculiventris (Say), for longevity and suppression of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestris Mulsant, on snapbeans J. Entomol. Sci. 21 263–266
J. LaSalle I.D. Gauld (1993) Hymenoptera: Their diversity and their impact on the diversity of other organisms J. LaSalle I.D. Gauld (Eds) Hymenoptera and Biodiversity CAB International Wallingford, UK 1–26
J. LaSalle J.E. Peña (1997) ArticleTitleA new species of Galeopsomyia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae): a fortuitous parasitoid of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Fda. Entomol. 80 461–470
S. Laudonia G. Viggiani (1986) ArticleTitleNatural enemies of the citrophilus mealybug (Pseudococcus calceolariae Mask.) in Campania Boll. Entoml. Agr. Filippo Silvestri 43 IssueIDsuppl. 167–171
T. Lewis (1973) Thrips. Their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance Academic Press London, UK
W.J. Lewis D.A. Nordlund H.R. Gross SuffixJr. W.D. Perkins E.F. Knipling J. Voegele (1976) ArticleTitleProduction and performance of Trichogramma reared on eggs of Heliothis zea and other hosts Environ. Entomol. 5 449–452
E. Llácer A. Urbaneja J.A. Jacas A. Garrido (1998b) ArticleTitleCiclo biológico de Quadrastichus sp., parasitoide exótico del minador de las hojas de los cítricos Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, en laboratorio Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 24 675–684
E. Llácer A. Urbaneja R. Hinarejos J.A. Jacas A. Garrido (1998a) ArticleTitleIntroducción de Galeopsomyia fausta LaSalle, ectoparasitoide de pupas del minador de las hojas de los cítricos Levante Agrícola 343 159–164
J.M. Llorens (1990a) Homóptera I: Cochinillas de los cítricos y su control biológico Pisa Ediciones Alicante, ES
J.M. Llorens (1990b) Homóptera II: pulgones de los cítricos y su control biológico Pisa Ediciones Alicante, ES
J.M. Llorens A. Garrido (1992) Homóptera III: moscas blancas y su control biológico Pisa Ediciones Alicante, ES
J.A. Lookwood F.G. Howarth M.F. Purcell (2001) Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Importing Non-native Biological Control Agents (An International Perspective) Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings, Entomological Society of America Lanham, MD, USA
J.E. Losey S.J. Fleischer D.D. Calvin W.L. Harkness T. Leahy (1995) ArticleTitleEvaluation of Trichogramma nubilalis and Bacillus thuringiensis in management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sweet corn Environ. Entomol. 24 436–445
L. Lynch M.B. Thomas (2000) ArticleTitleNontarget effects in the biocontrol of insects with insects, nematodes and microbial agents: the evidence Biocontrol News Inform. 21 117–130
M. Mani (1995a) ArticleTitleStudies of the natural enemies of oriental mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in India J. Entomol. Res. 19 61–70
M. Mani (1995b) ArticleTitleStudies of the natural enemies of the wax scale, Drepanococcus chiton (Green) on ber and guava Entomon. 20 5–58
M. Mani A. Krisnamoorthy S.P. Singh (1990) ArticleTitleThe impact of the predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, on pesticide-resistant populations of the stripped mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on guava in India Insect Sci. appl. 11 167–170
M. Mani A. Krisnamoorthy G.L. Pattar (1995) ArticleTitleBiological control of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) Pest Manag. Hortic. Ecosyst. 1 15–20
M. Mani A. Krisnamoorthy (1999) ArticleTitlePredatory potential and development of the Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. on the spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Entomon. 24 173–176
P. Mansilla R. Pérez F. Ruíz C. Salinero (1999) ArticleTitleAvetianella longoi Siscaro, parásito de huevos de Phoracantha semipunctata F.: primera evidencia de su presencia en España y bases para la práctica del control biológico del xilófago Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 25 515–522
B. Massa M.C. Rizzo V. Caleca (2001) ArticleTitleNatural alternative hosts of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoids of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Mediterranean Basin J. Hymen. Res. 10 191–200
Mau, R.F.L. and J.L. Martin, 1992. Crop Knowledge Master. Coccus viridis (Green). http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/c_viridi.htm (06/07/04).
R.G. Mercet (1921) Fauna Ibérica. Himenópteros Fam. Encírtidos Museo Nacional de Ciencas Naturales Madrid, ES
J.P. Michaud (2002a) ArticleTitleClassical biological control: a critical review of recent programs against citrus pests in Florida Ann. Entom. Soc. Am. 94 531–540
J.P. Michaud (2002b) ArticleTitleInvasion of the Florida citrus ecosystem by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and asymmetric competition with a native ladybeetle, Cycloneda sanguinea Environ. Entomol. 31 827–835
InstitutionalAuthorNameMinisterio de Agricultura, Dirección General de la Producción Agraria. (1975) Lucha biológica contra la mosca blanca mediante Cales noacki. Servicio de defensa contra plagas e inspección fitopatológica MAPA Madrid, ES
MNCN [Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales]. 2004. Fauna Ibérica. http://www.fauna-iberica.mncn.csic.es/index.php (15/10/04).
J.P. Moner V.R. Petit J.M. Bernat (1988) La mosca de las frutas (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) Generalitat Valenciana-CAPA València, ES
Mizell, R.I. 2003. Featured creatures. Harmonia axyridis. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/beneficial/multicolored_Asian_lady_beetle.htm.
S. Nagarkatti P.C. Tobin M.C. Saunders A.J. Muza (2003) ArticleTitleRelease of native Trichogramma minutum to control grape berry moth Can. Entomol. 135 589–598
C. Neale D. Smith G.A.C. Beattie M. Miles (1995) ArticleTitleImportation, host specificity testing, rearing and release of three parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in eastern Australia J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 34 343–348
J.R. Nechols (2003) Fortuitous biological control R. Driesche ParticleVan (Eds) Proc. First Intl. Meeting of Biological Control of Arthropod Pests Honolulu, HI, U.S. Forest Service Morgantown, WV, USA 324–329
P. Neuenschwander S. Michelakis E. Kapatos (1986) Tephritidae Y. Arambourg (Eds) Traité d’entomologie oléicole International Olive Oil Council Madrid, ES 115–159
R. Nguyen F.D. Bennett (1994) Tea scale D. Rosen F.D. Bennett J.L. Capinera (Eds) Biological control – a Florida perspective. Intercept Pest Management in the Subtropics Andover UK 123–128
J. Nonell (1936) ArticleTitleIntroducción y difusión del Aphelinus mali (Hald.) en España Bol. Patol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. VIII 179–186
E.R. Oatman G.R. Platner (1985) ArticleTitleBiological control of two avocado pests Calif. Agric. 1985 21–23
E.R. Oatman J.D. Pinto G.R. Platner (1989) ArticleTitleTrichogramma of Hawaii Pacific Insects 24 1–24
A. Panis J.P. Marro (1978) ArticleTitleVariations in the behaviour of Metaphycus lounsburyi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) Entomophaga 23 9–18
O. Peck (1963) ArticleTitleA catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Can Entomol. (suppl.) 30 277
T. Pina B. Martínez M.J. Verdú (2001) ArticleTitlePresencia en la Península Ibérica de Comperiella lemniscata (Hym.: Encyrtidae) sobre el piojo rojo de los cítricos, Chrysomphalus dyctiospermi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 27 29–34
A. Polaszek G.A. Evans F.D. Bennett (1992) ArticleTitleEncarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification Bull. Entomol. Res. 82 375–392
M.A. Pomerinke P.A. Stansly (1998) ArticleTitleEstablishment of Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for biological control of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Florida Flda. Entomol. 81 361–372
G.L. Prinsloo M.J. Samways (2001) Host specificity among introduced chalcidoid biological control agents in South Africa J.A. Lookwood F.G. Howarth M.F. Purcell (Eds) Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Importing Non-native Biological Control Agents (an international perspective) Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings, Entomological Society of America Lanham 31–40
A. Raspi (1988) ArticleTitlePreliminary notes of the entomophages of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) and Lichtensia viburni Sing. in olive groves of coastal Tuscany and western Liguria Frustula Entomol. 11 119–128
A.C. Rivera S.S. Carbone J.A. Andrés (1999) ArticleTitleLife cycle and biological control of the eucalyptus snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in north-west Spain Agric. Forest Entomol. 1 103–109
M. Rose D. Rosen (1991–1992) ArticleTitleEretmocerus debachi n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an effective parasite of Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Israel J. Entomol. 25–26 199–207
D. Rosen P. Debach (1979) Species of Aphytis of the World (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Series Entomologica 17 Israel University Press Jerusalem, IL
J. Salas (1995) ArticleTitleOrius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) su presencia en la región Centro Occidental de Venezuela Agronomía Trop. 45 637–645
G. Salerno S. Colazza F. Bin (2002) ArticleTitleNezara viridula parasitism by the tachinid fly Trichopoda pennipes ten years after its accidental introduction into Italy from the New World BioControl 47 617–624 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1020521607677
InstitutionalAuthorNameServicio Fitopatológico Agrícola. (1933) Plagas del campo. Memoria del Servicio Fitopatológico Agrícola Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca Madrid, ES
SIFA (Servicio de Información Fitosanitaria de Almería). 2004, Organismos de control biológico. http://desaveal.ual.es/sifa/inicio.htm. (26/08/04).
Smirnoff, W., 1950. Sur la Bioecologie au Maroc de Rhizobius (Lindorus) lophantae Blaisd (Col. Coccinelidae). Rev. Pathol. Vég. Entomol. Agric. France. T. XXIX- N°4-Déc.
D. Smith G.A.C. Beattie R. Broadley (1997) Citrus pests and their natural enemies IOM in Australia. HRDC – Queensland Department of Primary Industries Brisbane, AUT
L. Smith M.E. Cuéllar E.L. Melo (1996) ArticleTitleEvaluating Prey Preference by Several Phytoseiid Predators for Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) and M. caribbeanae McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Cassava Biol. Control 7 179–184 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bcon.1996.0082
Smith, S.M., J.R. Carrow and J.E. Lang (eds), 1990. Inundative release of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), against forest insect pests such as the spurce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): the Ontario project 1982–1986. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 153.
A. Soto F. Ohlenschlager F. García Marí (2001) ArticleTitleDinámica poblacional y control biológico de las moscas blancas Aleurothrixus floccosus, Dialeurodes citri y Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) en huertos de cítricos de Valencia Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 29 3–20
P. Stáry (1975) ArticleTitleAphidius colemani Viereck: its taxonomy, distribution and host range (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) Acta ent. Bohemoslov. 72 156–163
P. Stáry M. Cermeli (1989) ArticleTitleParasitoides (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) de áfidos en plantas cultivadas de Venezuela Bol. Entomol. Venez. N.S 5 77–80
W.L. Sterling (1978) ArticleTitleFortuitous biological suppression of the boll weevil by the red imported fire ant Environ. Entomol. 7 564–568
Stibick, J.N.L., 2003. Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies (Tephritidae). http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/Natural%20Enemies%20of%20True%20 Fruit%20Flies%20-%20July%208,%202003.pdf(05/09/04).
P. Stiling (1990) ArticleTitleCalculating establishment rates of parasites in classical biological control Amer. Entomol. 36 225–230
P. Stiling (2004) ArticleTitleBiological control not on target Biol. Invasions 6 151–159 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:BINV.0000022130.54793.b7
R.E. Stinner R.L. Ridgway J.R. Coppedge R.K. Morrison W.A. Dickerson SuffixJr. (1974) ArticleTitleParasitism of Heliothis eggs after field releases of Trichogramma pretiosum in cotton Environ. Entomol. 3 497–500
InstitutionalAuthorNameSTSC (1987) Statgraphics User’s Guide Graphic Software System STSC Inc. Rockville, MD, USA
R.J. Stuart S. Polavarapu (2000) ArticleTitleEgg-Mass Variability and Differential Parasitism of Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Endemic Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 93 1076–1084
M.A. Tamai G.J. Moraes Particlede C.A.D. Silva Particleda (1997) ArticleTitleSuitability of Brevipalpus obovatus as prey to Neoseiulus idaeus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae) on cassava Syst. Appl. Acarol. 2 101–106
Tenbrink, T., 1993. Crop Knowledge Master. Pseudococcus longispinus (targioni-Tozzetti). http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/p_longis.htm (06/07/04).
M.B. Thomas A.J. Willis (1998) ArticleTitleBiocontrol-risky but necessary? Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 325–329
W.R. Thompson (1954) A Catalogue of the Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests. Section 2. Host parasite catalogue. Part III. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid) Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Ottawa, CAN
W.H. Thorpe (1931) ArticleTitleThe biology, post-empryonic development, and economic importance of Cryptochaetum iceryae (Diptera, Ahromycidae), parasitic on Icerya purchasi London Zool. Soc. Proc. 1930 929–971
V.A. Trjapitzin (1989) Parasitic hymenoptera of the Family Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Opredeliteli po faune SSR 158 158 Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSR Leningrad, RU
P. Troncho E. Rodrigo F. García-Marí (1992) ArticleTitleObservaciones sobre el parasitismo de los diaspinos Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) y Parlatoria pergandei (Comstock) en un huerto de naranjos Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 18 11–30
P.H. Twine R.J. Lloyd (1982) ArticleTitleObservations on the effect of regular releases of Trichogramma spp. in controlling Heliothis spp. and other insects in cotton Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 39 159–167
InstitutionalAuthorNameUC [University of California] (1991) Integrated pest management for citrus UC – Statewide IPM project – Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources publ. 3303 Oakland, CA, USA
UC database [Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum], 2004. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/ (27/05/04).
UFL/IFAS (University of Florida/ Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences), 2000. Featured creatures: Cotesia marginiventris. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/wasps/cotesia_marginiventris.htm (02/05/04).
A. Urbaneja E. Llácer O. Omás A. Garrido J.A. Jacas (2000) ArticleTitleIndigenous natural enemies associated with Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Eastern Spain Biol. Control 18 199–207 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bcon.2000.0830
A. Urbaneja J. Blom Particlevan der L. Lara R. Timmer K. Blockmans (2002) ArticleTitleUtilización de Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hym.: Braconidae) para el control biológico de orugas (Lep.: Noctuidae) en el manejo integrado de plagas en pimiento bajo invernadero Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 28 239–250
A. Urbaneja E. Llácer A. Garrido J.A. Jacas (2003) ArticleTitleInterspecific competition between two ectoparasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): Cirrospilus brevis and the exotic Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Biol. Control 28 243–250 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00104-X
USDA [United States Department of Agricutlure], 1984. Introduced parasites and predators relesaed in the US and territories. Section I. Part B. http://www.ars-grin.gov/nigrp/menu.html (06/07/04).
R. Driesche ParticleVan T.S. Bellows (1996) Biological Control Chapman and Hall New York, USA
Van Driesche, R. and M. Hoddle, 1995. Natural Enemies for Suppression of Greenhouse Pests. http://www.umass.edu/umext/floriculture/fact_sheets/pest_management/enemy2.html. (15/09/04).
J. Vander Blom (2002) ArticleTitleLa introducción artificial de la fauna auxiliar en cultivos hortícolas Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 28 109–120
J.C. Lenteren ParticleVan (Eds) (2003) Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents. Theory and Testing Procedures CABI Publishing Wallingford, UK
J.C. Lenteren ParticleVan D. Babendreier F. Bigler G. Burgio H.M.T. Hokkanen S. Kuske A.J.M. Loomans I. Menzler-Hokkanen P.C.J. Rijn Particlevan M.B. Thomas M.G. Tommasini Q.-Q. Zeng (2003) ArticleTitleEnvironmental risk assessment of exotic natural enemies used in inundative biological control BioControl 48 3–38
J.C. Lenteren ParticleVan C. Woets (1988) ArticleTitleBiological and integrated pest control in greenhouses Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33 239–269
M.J. Verdú (1985) ArticleTitleEstablecimiento de Prospaltella elongata, parásito de serpeta fina Levante Agrícola 259–260 68–70
P. Videllet R. Albajes R. Gabarra (1997) ArticleTitleHost-feeding activity of Encarsia pergandiella Howard on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) IOBC WPRS Bull. 20 147–153
G. Viggiani (1975) La lotta biologica di tipo convenzionale Atti del X Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia Sassari, IT 161–187
G. Viggiani (1994) ArticleTitleRecent cases of interspecific competition between parasitoids of the family Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea) Norweg. J. Agric. Sci. suppl. 16 353–359
Viñuela, E., P. del Estal, M. Arroyo, A. Adán , F. Budia, J.A. Jacas, V. Marco, 1992. Los artrópodos: características. Los Insectos: órdenes. Monografía 128. Universidad politécnica de Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos. Madrid, ES.
E. Wajnberg J.K. Scott P.C. Quimby (2001) Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control CABI Oxon, UK
I.M. White M.M. Elson (2004) Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics CAB International–The Australian Center for International Agricultural Research Eastbourne, UK
Wysoki, M. 1999. Thysanoptera in Israel, en: Abstracts of the 16th Conference of the Entomological Society of Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org/phyto/pdfs/1999/issue3/meet.pdf (16/10/03).
M. Wysoki M.A. Berg Particlevan den G. Ish-Am S. Gazit J.E. Peña G.K. Waite (2002) Pests and pollinators of avocado J.E. Peña J. Sharp M. Wysoki (Eds) Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators CABI Wallingford, UK 223–293
Wysoki, M., W. Kutzlitzky, Y. Izhar, E. Swirski, S. Ben Yehuda, D. Hadar and S. Reneh, 1993. Successful acclimatation of Thripobius semiluteus, a parasitoid of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) in Israel, In: Abstracts of the 10th Conference of the Entomological Society of Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org/phyto/pdfs/1997/issue2/MEET.pdf (16/10/03).
G.R. Young (2003) ArticleTitleLife-history, biology, host plants and natural enemies of the lilly pilly psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Aust. Entomol. 30 31–38
D.S. Yu J.E. Laing E.A.C. Hagley (1984) ArticleTitleDispersal of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in an apple orchard after inundative releases Environ. Entomol. 13 371–374
C.D. Zhu J. LaSalle D.W. Huang (2002) ArticleTitleA study of Chinese Cirrospilus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Zool. Stud. 41 23–46
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jacas, JA., Urbaneja, A. & Viñuela, E. History and Future of Introduction of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents in Spain: A Dilemma?. Biocontrol 51, 1–30 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-005-5808-3
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-005-5808-3