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Ecology of invasive forest pathogens

  • Forest Invasions
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Abstract

Invasive forest pathogens are a major threat to forests worldwide, causing increasing damage. The knowledge of both the specific traits underlying the capacity of a pathogen to become invasive, and the attributes predisposing an environment to invasion are to be thoroughly understood in order to deal with forest invasions. This paper summarizes the historical knowledge on this subject. Many aspects of the ecological processes underlying alien forest pathogens invasions are still unknown, which raises several scientific issues that need further study. The introduction of invasive forest pathogens to areas where naïve hosts are found, is mainly due to global plant trade. Rapid transportation and reduced delivery times increase the chances of survival of pathogen propagules and of their successful establishment in new environments. In forest pathogens, the reproduction mode seems not to be a crucial determinant of invasiveness, as highly destructive pathogens have a variety of reproductive strategies. The most important drivers of forest pathogen invasions appear to be (a) great adaptability to new environmental conditions; (b) efficient dispersal over long and short distances, possibly assisted by the capacity to form novel associations with endemic and/or alien insect vectors; (c) the ability to exchange genetic material or hybridize with resident or alien species. Moreover, these features interact with some key traits of the invaded environment, e.g. environmental variability and biodiversity richness. Host resistance and natural enemies may occur as a result of rapid selection/adaptation after the epidemic phase of invasion.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editors for their helpful comments and revision of the manuscript. Dr. Lorenzo Bonosi is warmly acknowledged for revising the manuscript. The International Union of Forest Research Organisations, Task Force on Biological Invasions in Forests, and The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are acknowledged for financial support. Funding was provided by OECD (Grant No. TAD/CRP JA87649).

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  1. Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante IPSP, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

    Luisa Ghelardini, Nicola Luchi, Francesco Pecori, Alessia L. Pepori, Roberto Danti, Gianni Della Rocca, Paolo Capretti & Alberto Santini

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell’Ambiente DiSPAA, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Florence, Italy

    Luisa Ghelardini & Paolo Capretti

  3. Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘Demeter’ Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Terma Alkmanos, Ilisia, 11528, Athens, Greece

    Panaghiotis Tsopelas

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  1. Luisa Ghelardini
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Correspondence to Alberto Santini.

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Guest Editors: Andrew Liebhold, Eckehard Brockerhoff and Martin Nun˜ez / Special issue on Biological Invasions in Forests prepared by a task force of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO).

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Ghelardini, L., Luchi, N., Pecori, F. et al. Ecology of invasive forest pathogens. Biol Invasions 19, 3183–3200 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1487-0

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