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Invasion of Trichoferus campestris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) into the United States characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and recurrent introductions

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Abstract

Genetic variability of invasive pests informs us of fundamental aspects of the invasion, which help leverage limited resources for more efficient pest management. This is particularly important for managing species with invasive populations fueled by recurrent introductions. We present the first phylogeographic study of the velvet longhorned beetle (Trichoferus campestris [Faldermann]), a highly polyphagous wood-boring insect native to Asia. It attacks many ecologically and economically important tree species and has repeatedly invaded Europe and North America in recent decades. Despite the apparent threat posed by this pest, little work has been attempted to characterize genetic variability of T. campestris. One hurdle is the lack of genetic data beyond the “universal” COI barcode. Here we designed primer sequences to amplify five additional mitochondrial protein-coding genes for T. campestris (COII, COIII, Cytb, ND2, and ND4). We included specimens collected from domestic locations in the Unites States (U.S.) as well as samples intercepted in solid wood packaging material (WPM) at U.S. ports of entry. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three mitochondrial lineages, all including both domestic collections and port-interceptions. Our results demonstrated high levels of haplotype diversity among invasive populations of T. campestris. Specimens collected from the same geographical vicinity can be placed into different lineages. Species delimitation analyses further suggest presence of multiple molecular operational taxonomic units, which could complicate regulatory policies. We evaluated mechanisms that underlie the increasing number of T. campestris individuals and populations detected in the U.S. Results support the hypothesis of independent introductions through WPM, but are inconsistent with secondary invasions through the bridgehead effect.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of CBP agriculture specialists and APHIS identifiers at participating ports that collected, packaged, and sent insect and wood samples to the Otis Laboratory. We thank Scott Pfister, Joe Francese, and Dave Cowan (USDA APHIS) and domestic cooperators who have provided or facilitated transfer of specimens. Emily Franzen and student research assistants (Xavier University), Kristopher Watson and Joey Caputo (Utah Department of Food and Agriculture), and Ethan Adams are thanked for assistance with field work. We thank Nevada Trepanowski and Marjorie Palmeri for technical assistance. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The findings and conclusions in this preliminary publication have not been formally disseminated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. This material was made possible, in part, by a Cooperative Agreement from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). It may not necessarily express APHIS’ views.

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  1. Otis Laboratory, Center for Plant Health, Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA

    Yunke Wu, Sindhu M. Krishnankutty, Kendra A. Vieira, Baode Wang, Hannah Nadel & Scott W. Myers

  2. Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Sindhu M. Krishnankutty & Ann M. Ray

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  1. Yunke Wu
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Table S1. GenBank accession numbers (XLSX 17 kb)

10530_2019_2182_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Figure S1. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the COI sequences. Numbers on branches are bootstrap support after 100 bootstrap replicates (TIFF 71 kb)

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Wu, Y., Krishnankutty, S.M., Vieira, K.A. et al. Invasion of Trichoferus campestris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) into the United States characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and recurrent introductions. Biol Invasions 22, 1309–1323 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02182-8

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