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The second wave of earthworm invasions in North America: biology, environmental impacts, management and control of invasive jumping worms

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Abstract

The invasion of jumping worms, a small group of pheretimoid earthworm species from Asia, has increasingly become an ecological, environmental and conservation issue in forest ecosystems and urban-suburban landscapes around the world. Their presence is often noticed due to their high abundance, distinctive “jumping” behavior, and prominent granular casts on the soil surface. Although they are known to affect soil carbon dynamics and nutrient availability, no single paper has summarized their profound impacts on soil biodiversity, plant community, and animals of all trophic groups that rely on soil and the leaf litter layer for habitat, food, and shelter. In this study, we summarize the biology, invasion, and ecological impacts of invasive jumping worms across North America. We highlight potential impacts of this second wave of earthworm invasion, contrast them with the preceding European earthworm invasion in temperate forests in North America, and identify annual life cycle, reproductive and cocoon survival strategies, casting behavior and co-invasion dynamics as the key factors that contribute to their successful invasion and distinct ecological impacts. We then suggest potential management and control strategies for practitioners and policy makers, underscore the importance of coordinated community science projects in tracking the spread, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to understand and control the invasion.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this article. This review was conceptualized during the symposium “Diversity and Ecology of Invasive Megascolecid Earthworms”' supported by the Picker Interdisciplinary Science Institute at Colgate University, USA.

Funding

C.-H. Chang was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST108-2621-B-002-001-MY3) and the Ministry of Education, Taiwan (Yushan Scholar Program); K. Szlavecz, the National Science Foundation (DEB-1855277); G. Brown, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (310690/2017-0 and 404191/2019-3); J. Görres and M. Nouri-Aiin, a Hatch Grant (SAES—UVM Accession No. 1018366) and the Eppley Foundation for Research; T. McCay and D. McHugh, the Picker Interdisciplinary Science Institute at Colgate University, USA; M. Novo, a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2018-024654-I) from the Spanish Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan

    Chih-Han Chang

  2. Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan

    Chih-Han Chang

  3. Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal

    Marie L. C. Bartz

  4. Embrapa Forestry, Colombo, PR, 83411-000, Brazil

    George Brown

  5. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Mac A. Callaham Jr.

  6. Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Erin K. Cameron

  7. SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY, 13045, USA

    Andrea Dávalos

  8. Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Annise Dobson

  9. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA

    Josef H. Görres & Maryam Nouri-Aiin

  10. University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, Madison, WI, 53711, USA

    Bradley M. Herrick & Marie R. Johnston

  11. Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan

    Hiroshi Ikeda

  12. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, IA, 52557, USA

    Samuel W. James

  13. Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA

    Timothy S. McCay & Damhnait McHugh

  14. Tochigi Prefectural Museum, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan

    Yukio Minamiya

  15. Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Marta Novo

  16. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Jaime Ortiz-Pachar

  17. Columbia-Greene Community College, Hudson, NY, 12534, USA

    Rebecca A. Pinder

  18. Environmental Studies Department, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD, 21801, USA

    Tami Ransom

  19. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Justin B. Richardson

  20. Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA

    Bruce A. Snyder

  21. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Katalin Szlavecz

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Chang, CH., Bartz, M.L.C., Brown, G. et al. The second wave of earthworm invasions in North America: biology, environmental impacts, management and control of invasive jumping worms. Biol Invasions 23, 3291–3322 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02598-1

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