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Early detection monitoring for non-indigenous fishes; comparison of survey approaches during two species introductions in a Great Lakes port

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A Correction to this article was published on 13 December 2021

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Abstract

Assessing relative performance of different sampling methods used for early detection monitoring (EDM) is a critical step in understanding the likelihood of detecting new non-indigenous species (NIS) in an environment of interest. EDM performance metrics are typically based on the probability of detecting established NIS or rare indigenous species; however, detection probability estimates for these proxies may not accurately reflect survey effectiveness for newly introduced NIS. We used data from three different EDM survey approaches that varied by targeted life-stage (adult–juvenile versus ichthyoplankton), media (physical fish versus environmental DNA), and taxonomic method (morphology-based versus DNA-based taxonomy) to explore relative detection sensitivity for recently introduced white bass (Morone chrysops) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) in the Port of Duluth-Superior, a NIS introduction hot spot within the Laurentian Great Lakes. Detection efficiency, measured by the effort (number of samples) required to achieve 95% probability of detection, differed by EDM approach and species. Also, the relative sensitivity (detection rate) of each survey approach differed by species. For both species, detection in surveys using DNA-based taxonomy was generally as good or better than the adult–juvenile survey using morphology-based taxonomy. While both species appear to have been detected at early stages of invasion, white bass were likely present up to 5 years prior to initial detection, whereas gizzard shad may have been detected in the first year of introduction. We conclude that using complimentary sampling methods can help to balance the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provide more reliable early detection of new invaders.

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Availability of data and material

Data underlying this manuscript will be made publicly available via EPA’s Environmental Dataset Gateway at https://edg.epa.gov/.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the many people who were involved with field sampling and with laboratory fish ID/ageing and DNA sample processing. We thank Andrew Tucker from The Nature Conservancy, and David Gillett with the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project for their helpful and insightful suggestions. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Environmental Protection Agency or the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Funding

The positions of co-authors Chelsea Hatzenbuhler and Sara Okum were supported by funds from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative administered by the US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA

    Greg S. Peterson, Joel C. Hoffman & Anett S. Trebitz

  2. SpecPro Professional Services, Contractor To US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA

    Chelsea I. Hatzenbuhler

  3. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Ashland Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 2800 Lakeshore Drive E, Ashland, WI, 54806, USA

    Jared T. Myers & Jason E. Ross

  4. Pegasus Professional Services, Contractor To US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA

    Sara L. Okum & Erik M. Pilgrim

  5. Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA

    Erik M. Pilgrim

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  1. Greg S. Peterson
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  2. Joel C. Hoffman
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Correspondence to Greg S. Peterson.

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The original online version of this article was revised: In the original publication of the article, the table 4 was published with misalignment and it has been corrected.

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Peterson, G.S., Hoffman, J.C., Trebitz, A.S. et al. Early detection monitoring for non-indigenous fishes; comparison of survey approaches during two species introductions in a Great Lakes port. Biol Invasions 24, 463–478 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02655-9

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