Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Gap analyses to support ex situ conservation of genetic diversity in Magnolia, a flagship group

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Biodiversity and Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Worldwide about one third of all plant species is estimated to be threatened with extinction. Plants are generally under-represented in conservation. However, the global strategy for plant conservation (GSPC) sets forth 16 targets to halt the current and continuing loss of plant diversity within a framework for actions at global, regional, national and local levels. Target 8 of the GSPC directs that at least 75 % of threatened plant species be present in ex situ collections by 2020, but this target is far from being met. By analyzing where gaps in ex situ collections and research exist relative to diversity hotspots of threatened species, it is possible to identify and prioritize action. We undertake a gap analysis of ex situ collection needs in the genus Magnolia, a relatively well-known and valuable genus. Results indicate three main areas of biodiversity (China, Vietnam and Colombia) for the endangered Magnolia taxa. The present paper provides a critical overview of recent conservation activities carried out in the genus Magnolia throughout the world, focusing on genetic diversity analyses of the species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Azuma H, García-Franco JG, Rico-Gray V, Thien LB (2001) Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions. Am J Bot 88:2275–2285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma H, Figlar RB, Del Tredici P, Camelbeke K, Palmarola-Bejerano A, Romanov MS (2011) Intraspecific sequence variation of cpDNA shows two distinct groups within Magnolia virginiana L. of eastern North America and Cuba. Castanea 76:118–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell CD, Soltis DE, Soltis PS (2010) The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited. Am J Bot 97:1296–1303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BGCI (2008) Global survey of ex situ Magnoliaceae collections. Botanical Gardens Conservation International, Richmond (UK). http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/global_survey_of_ex_situ_magnoliaceae_collections.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2008

  • BGCI (2012) Plant Search database. Botanical gardens conservation international, Richmond (UK). www.bgci.org/plant_search.php. Accessed 24 Aug 2012

  • Brown AHD, Marshall DR (1995) A basic sampling strategy: theory and practice. In: Gaurino L, Ramanatha Rao V, Reid R (eds) Collecting plant genetic diversity: technical guidelines. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 75–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen S-Y, Han Y, Wu T, Fu Y-P, Sima Y-K, Hao J-B (2010) Genetic diversity of endangered species Manglietia grandis detected by inter simple sequence repeat markers. J Fujian Coll For 30(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H-F, Zhang R-J, Zhou J-S, Xing F-W, Zeng Q-W (2011) Distribution and conservation strategy of endangered Parakmeria lotungensis. Plant Sci J 1(4):452–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Chien PD, Zuidema PA, Nghia NH (2008) Conservation prospects for threatened Vietnamese tree species: results from a demographic study. Popul Ecol 50(2):227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicuzza D, Newton A, Oldfield S (2007) The Red List of Magnoliaceae. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Figlar RB, Nooteboom HP (2004) Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. Blumea 49(1):87–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frodin D, Govaerts R (1996) World checklist and bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Kew, Richmond, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu LG, Jin JM (1992) China plant red data book: rare and endangered plants, vol 1. Science, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerrant EO Jr, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) (2004) Ex situ plant conservation: supporting species survival in the wild. Island, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez L, Vovides AP (1997) An in situ study of Magnolia dealbata Zucc in Veracruz State: an endangered endemic tree of Mexico. Biodivers Conserv 6(1):89–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahm ER, Arlotti JA, Marynowski SW, Singh SV (2008) Honokiol, a constituent of oriental medicinal herb Magnolia officinalis, Inhibits growth of PC-3 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction. Clin Cancer Res 14:1248–1257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han CY, Long CL (2010) Dormancy, germination and storage of Magnolia ingrata seeds. Seed Sci Technol 38(1):252–256

    Google Scholar 

  • He J, Chen L, Si Y, Huang B, Ban X, Wang Y (2009) Population structure and genetic diversity distribution in wild and cultivated populations of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis subsp. biloba (Magnoliaceae). Genetica 135(2):233–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isagi Y, Kanazashi T, Suzuki W, Tanaka H, Abe T (1999) Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for Magnolia obovata Thunb. and their utility in related species. Mol Ecol 8:698–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isagi Y, Kanazashi T, Suzuki W, Tanaka H, Abe T (2000) Microsatellite analysis of the regeneration process of Magnolia obovata Thunb. Heredity 84(2):143–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isagi Y, Kanazashi T, Suzuki W, Tanaka H, Abe T (2004) Highly variable pollination patterns in Magnolia obovata revealed by microsatellite paternity analysis. Int J Plant Sci 165:1047–1053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isagi Y, Tateno R, Matsuki Y, Hirao A, Watanabe S, Shibata M (2007) Genetic and reproductive consequences of forest fragmentation for populations of Magnolia obovata. Ecol Res 22:382–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jingmin J, Huajing T, Jinling Y, Qifu L, Zifeng T (2005) Genetic diversity of Michelia chapensis dandy populations. For Res 18(2):109–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Kell SP, Maxted N, Frese L, Iriondo JM (2011) In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: a strategy for identifying priority genetic reserve sites. In: Maxted N, Dulloo ME, Ford‐Lloyd BV, Frese L, Iriondo JM, Pinheiro de Carvalho MAA (eds) Agrobiodiversity conservation: securing the diversity of crop wild relatives and landraces. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 7–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller T, Korn H, Schmid H, Weisser CF (2002) Chances and limitations of ex situ conservation of species and genetic diversity on a global perspective. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi S, Isagi Y (2002) Microsatellite genetic variation in small and isolated populations of Magnolia sieboldii ssp. japonica. Heredity 88(4):313–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Park CW, Kim YD, Suh Y (2001) Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences. Am J Bot 88(4):717–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski G, Gibbs D, Fun H, Frey D, Gratzfeld J (2012) Conservation of threatened relict trees through living ex situ collections: lessons from the global survey of the genus Zelkova (Ulmaceae). Biodivers Conserv 21:671–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer A, Hird A, Shaw K, Dosmann M, Mims R (2011) Conserving North America’s threatened plants: progress report on Target 8 of the global strategy for plant conservation. Botanic gardens conservation international U.S., Glencoe, IL. www.bgci.org/usa/makeyourcollectionscount. Accessed 22 Aug 2012

  • Lauterbach D, Burkart M, Gemeinholzer B (2012) Rapid genetic differentiation between ex situ and their in situ source populations: an example of the endangered Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 168:64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Conran JG (2003) Phylogenetic relationships in Magnoliaceae subfam. Magnolioideae: a morphological cladistic analysis. Plant Syst Evol 242:33–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao WF, Xia NH, Deng YF, Zheng QY (2004) Study on genetic diversity of Manglietia decidua (Magnoliaceae). Acta Bot Yunnanica 26(1):58–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin TP (2001) Allozyme variations in Michelia formosana (Kanehira) Masamune (Magnoliaceae), and the inference of a glacial refugium in Taiwan. Theor Appl Genet 102(2/3):450–457

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Y, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Tang S (2011) Development of microsatellite markers in Kmeria septentrionalis (Magnoliaceae), an endangered Chinese tree. Am J Bot 98(6):E158–E160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Chu L, Yang Y (2004) Genetic diversity of rare and endangered plant Magnolia amoena. Chin J Appl Ecol 15(7):1139–1142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-A DM, Brian BC, Bedoya G (2008) Genetic structure in remnant populations of an endangered Andean Magnolia. Biotropica 40(3):375–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu SY, Hong KH, Liu SL, Cheng YP, Wu WL, Chiang TY (2002) Genetic variation and population differentiation of Michelia formosana (Magnoliaceae) based on cpDNA variation and RAPD fingerprints: relevance to post-Pleistocene recolonization. J Plant Res 115(3):203–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxted N, Kell SP, Toledo A, Dulloo ME, Heywood V, Hodgkin T, Hunter D, Guarino L, Jarvis A, Ford-Lloyd BV (2010) A global approach to crop wild relative conservation: securing the gene pool for food and agriculture. Kew Bull 65:561–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May T (2001) Estructura poblacional y reproducción natural de diez especies de un bosque nublado en República Dominicana. Rev For Centroam 35:45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Namoff S, Husby C, Noblick L, Francisco-Ortega J, Lewis CE, Griffith MP (2010) How well does a botanical garden collection of a rare palm capture the genetic variation in a wild population? Biol Conserv 143:1110–1117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton AC, Gow J, Robertson A, Williams-Linera G, Ramírez-Marcial N, González-Espinosa M, Allnutt TR, Ennos R (2008) Genetic variation in two rare endemic Mexican trees, Magnolia sharpii and Magnolia schiedeana. Silvae Genet 57:348–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Nie ZL, Wen J, Azuma H, Qiu YL, Sun H, Meng Y, Sun WB, Zimmer EA (2008) Phylogenetic and biogeographic complexity of Magnoliaceae in the northern hemisphere inferred from three nuclear data sets. Mol Phylogenetics Evol 48(3):1027–1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman NCA, Jorgensen PM (2002) Estimating the size of the world’s threatened flora. Science 298:989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard DJ, Fa JA, Oldfield S, Harrop SR (2012) Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation. Oryx 46:18–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian H, Ricklefs RE (2000) Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of températe plants. Nature 407:180–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu Y-L, Parks CR (1994) Disparity of allozyme variation levels in three Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species from the southeastern United States. Am J Bot 81(10):1300–1308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rucinska A, Puchalski J (2011) Comparative molecular studies on the genetic diversity of an ex situ garden collection and its source population of the critically endangered Polish endemic plant Cochlearia polonica E. Fröhlich. Biodivers Conserv 20:401–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samain MS, Cires E (2012) Plants for the future—a future for our planet. Towards a protocol for genetic management of ex situ living plant collections. BGJournal 9:3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Pineda-Lopez MR (2006) Species diversity, structure and dynamics of two populations of an endangered species, Magnolia dealbata (Magnoliaceae). Rev Biol Trop 54(3):997–1002

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Pineda-Lopez MR (2010) Comparative demographic analysis in contrasting environments of Magnolia dealbata: an endangered species from Mexico. Popul Ecol 52(1):203–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setsuko S, Ishida K, Tomaru N (2004) Size distribution and genetic structure in relation to clonal growth within a population of Magnolia tomentosa Thunb. (Magnoliaceae). Mol Ecol 13:2645–2653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setsuko S, Ueno S, Tsumura Y, Tomaru N (2005) Development of microsatellite markers in Magnolia stellata (Magnoliaceae), a threatened Japanese tree. Conserv Genet 6:317–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setsuko S, Ishida K, Ueno S, Tsumura Y, Tomaru N (2007) Population differentiation and gene flow within a metapopulation of a threatened tree, Magnolia stellata (Magnoliaceae). Am J Bot 94(1):128–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrock S, Jones M (2011) Saving Europe’s threatened flora: progress towards GSPC Target 8 in Europe. Biodiversity Conserv 20:325–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrock S, Hird A, Kramer A, Oldfield S (2010) (Comp), Saving plants, saving the planet: botanic Gardens and the implementation of GSPC Target 8. BGCI, Richmond

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Liu YF, Wang J, Guo Y, Huang HW (2010) Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers in Michelia maudiae (Magnoliaceae). Am J Bot 97(12):E157–E158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki I, Setsuko S, Tomaru N (2008) Genetic variation and differentiation in populations of a threatened tree, Magnolia stellata: factors influencing the level of within-population genetic variation. Heredity 100(4):415–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang CQ, He L-Y, Gao Z, Zhao XF, Sun WB, Ohsawa M (2011) Habitat fragmentation, degradation, and population status of endangered Michelia coriacea in southeastern Yunnan, China. Mt Res Dev 31(4):343–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno S, Setsuko S, Kawahara T, Yoshimaru H (2005) Genetic diversity and differentiation of the endangered Japanese endemic tree Magnolia stellata using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 6(4):563–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J-W, Zhang G-F, Chen H-Y (2008) Population pattern and community characteristics of endemic and rare plant Magnolia zenii in Baohuashan National forest park. Guihaia 28:489–494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang C-Hu, Zhu X-Z, Zhang H, Qiu D-H (2009) Genetic diversity of endangered plant Michelia wilsonii. J Northwest For Univ 5:66–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu H-H, Yang Z-L, Sun B, Liu R-N (2011) Genetic diversity and relationship of endangered plant Magnolia officinalis (Magnoliaceae) assessed with ISSR polymorphisms. Biochem Syst Ecol 39(2):71–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XM, Wen J, Dao ZL, Motley TJ, Long CL (2010) Genetic variation and conservation assessment of Chinese populations of Magnolia cathcartii (Magnoliaceae), a rare evergreen tree from the south-central China hotspot in the eastern Himalayas. J Plant Res 123(3):321–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X-F, Sun W-B, Yang J-B, Meng J (2009) Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci for Michelia coriacea (Magnoliaceae), a critically endangered endemic to southeast Yunnan, China. Conserv Genet 10(5):1583–1585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao JL, He T, Li QM (2010) Contrasting coarse and fine scale genetic structure among isolated relic populations of Kmeria septentrionalis. Genetica 138(9–10):939–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Ma Y, Sun W, Wen X, Milne R (2012) High genetic diversity and low differentiation of Michelia coriacea (Magnoliaceae), a critically endangered endemic in southeast Yunnan, China. Int J Mol Sci 13(4):4396–4411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The assistance of the members of the BGCI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International) is gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to The Friends of the Botanical Garden Ghent (De Vrienden van de Plantentuin Gent) and the Arboretum Wespelaar, for their help and support. This research was funded by the Fondation Franklinia (Ghent University project number E/01394/01).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology & Botanical Garden, Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Eduardo Cires, Yannick De Smet, Paul Goetghebeur & Marie-Stéphanie Samain

  2. Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium

    Candela Cuesta

  3. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK

    Suzanne Sharrock, Douglas Gibbs & Sara Oldfield

  4. Botanic Gardens Conservation International US, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 6002, USA

    Andrea Kramer

  5. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico

    Marie-Stéphanie Samain

Authors
  1. Eduardo Cires
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yannick De Smet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Candela Cuesta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul Goetghebeur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Suzanne Sharrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Douglas Gibbs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sara Oldfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Andrea Kramer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Marie-Stéphanie Samain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Eduardo Cires or Marie-Stéphanie Samain.

Appendix

Appendix

See Table 5.

Table 5 List of Magnolia taxa that have been investigated and covered by the present work
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cires, E., De Smet, Y., Cuesta, C. et al. Gap analyses to support ex situ conservation of genetic diversity in Magnolia, a flagship group. Biodivers Conserv 22, 567–590 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0450-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0450-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation