Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biodiversity and conservation of Phoenix canariensis: a review

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Biodiversity and Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Canarian date palm, Phoenix canariensis, is one of the most representative endemic plant species of the Canary Islands, although it is better known for its significant horticultural interest because it is one of the most appreciated ornamental trees of the subtropical and tropical worlds for its ability to grow on a wide range of site types. The naturally-occurring Canarian palm groves are the most important genetic reservoir of the species. This review aims to bring together the most important advances reached in the past three decades relative to the distribution, genetics and reproductive biology patterns of this species. Currently, P. canariensis palm groves are experiencing conservation problems such as the high pressure of human activities, and invasive pests, so it is appropriate to summarize all the current knowledge to make it available for incorporation into conservation strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Based on Rivera et al. 2020; Martínez-Rico 2017

Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Aberlenc-Bertossi F, Castillo K, Tranchant-Dubreuil C, Chérif E, Ballardini M, Abdoulkader S et al (2014) In silico mining of microsatellites in coding sequences of the date palm (Arecaceae) genome, characterization and transferability. App Plant Sci 2(1):1300058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amorós A, Rivera D, Larrosa E, Obón C (2014) Physico-chemical and functional characteristics of date fruits from different Phoenix species (Arecaceae). Fruits 69:315–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballardini M, Mercuri A, Littardi C, Abbas S, Couderc M, Ludeña B, Pintaud JC (2013) The chloroplast DNA locus psbZ-trnfM as a potential barcode marker in Phoenix L. (Arecaceae). ZooKeys 365:71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barfod AS, Hagen M, Borchsenius F (2011) Twenty-five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae). Ann Bot 108:1503–1516

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow SC (1998) A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bull 53:513–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beech E (2017). Phoenix canariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T13416997A13417001. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20173.RLTS.T13416997A13417001.en

  • Berry EJ, Gorchov DL (2004) Reproductive biology of the dioecious under-storey palm Chamaedorea radicalis in a Mexican cloud forest. Pollination vector, flowering phenology and female fecundity. J Trop Ecol 20:369–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthelot S (1839) Miscellanies canariensis. In: Webb P.B., S. Berthelot (eds) Histoire Naturelle Des Illes Canaries, Paris. pp 185–194

  • Berthelot S (1978) Etnografía y anales de la conquista de las Islas Canarias. Goya (ed). Tomo I

  • BOC (1991) Orden de 20 de Febrero: protección de especies de la flora vascular silvestre de las Islas Canarias. Boletín Oficial de Canarias 35:1324–1334. Available at: http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/boc/1991/035/002.html

  • CABI (2016) Invasive species compendium. CABI International, Wallingford. Available at: http://www.cabi.org/isc/

  • Carreño E (2017) Diversidad genética en especies del género Phoenix. PhD Thesis. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela

    Google Scholar 

  • Castroviejo S, Aedo C, Cirujano S, Laínz M, Montserrat P, Morales R, Muñoz-Garmendia F, Navarro C, Paiva J, Soriano C (eds) (2008) Flora iberica 18. Real Jardín Botánico CSIC, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabaud B (1882) Le Phoenix canariensis. Prov Agric Hort III 19:293–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherif E, Zehdi S, Castillo K, Chabrillange N, Abdoulkader S, Pintaud JC, Santoni S, Salhi-Hhannachi A et al (2013) Male-specific DNA markers provide genetic evidence of an XY chromosome system, a recombination arrest and allow the tracing of paternal lineages in date palm. New Phytol 197:409–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2007) Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, Eur 27. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/docs/2007_07_im.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2020

  • Corner DJH (1966) The natural history of palms. Univ Cal Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Couvreur TL, Forest F, Baker WJ (2011) Origin and global diversification patterns of tropical rain forests: inferences from a complete genus-level phylogeny of palms. BMC Biol 9(1):44

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Nascimento L, Nogué S, Criado C, Ravazzi C, Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Fernández-Palacios JM (2016) Reconstructing Holocene vegetation on the island of Gran Canaria before and after human colonization. Holocene 26(1):113–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Arco Aguilar MJ, Delgado OR (2018) Vegetation of the Canary Islands. Springer, Cham, pp 83–319

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Del Arco MJ, Wildpret W, Pérez-de-Paz PL, Rodríguez-Delgado O, Acebes JR, García-Gallo A et al (2006) Mapa de vegetación de Canarias. GRAFCAN, Santa Cruz de Tenerife

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Bertrana M (2018) Actualización cartográfica de la distribución de Diocalandra frumentii en Gran Canaria. Report offered in XXV Jornadas Forestales de Gran Canaria, The Canary Islands

  • Djouab A, Benamara S, Gougam H, Amellal H, Hidous K (2016) Physical and antioxidant properties of two Algerian date fruit species (Phoenix dactylifera L. and Phoenixcanariensis L.). Emir J Food Agr 28(9):601–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield J, Uhl NW, Asmussen C, Baker W, Harley M, Lewis C (2008) Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Elshibli S, Korpelainen H (2008) Microsatellite markers reveal high genetic diversity in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm from Sudan. Genetica 134:251–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Palacios JM, Otto R, Delgado JD, Arévalo JR, Naranjo A, González-Artiles F et al (2008) Los bosques termófilos de Canarias. Cabildo Insular de Tenerife/LIFE Natura, Santa Cruz de Tenerife

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2019) Proceedings of the Scientific Consultation and High-Level meeting on Red Palm Weevil management- 29–31 March 2017, Rome, Italy. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Pérez MA (2001) Caracterización molecular de la Palmera Canaria (Phoenix canariensis) como base para su conservación. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Pérez MA, Sosa PA (2009) Hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced P. dactylifera in the Canary Islands. Open Forest Sci J 2:78–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Pérez MA, Caujapé-Castells J, Sosa PA (2004a) Molecular evidence of hybridisation between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread P. dactylifera with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Plant Syst Evol 247:165–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Pérez MA, Caujape-Castells J, Sosa PA (2004b) Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae): implications for Conservation. Heredity 93:307–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González-Pérez MA, Hernández Alemán A, Naranjo Borges J, Sosa PA (2012) Phoenixcanariensis. Palmera Canaria. In: Pemán García J, Navarro Cerrillo RN, Nicolás Peragón JL, Prada MA, Serrada Hierro R (eds) Producción y manejo de semillas y plantas forestales. Tomo I. Naturaleza y Parques Nacionales. Serie Forestal. Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales, Madrid, pp 830–840

    Google Scholar 

  • Govaerts R, Dransfield J (2005) World Checklist of Palms: 1–223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Govaerts R, Dransfield J, Zona SF, Hodel DR, Henderson A (2020) World Checklist of Arecaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on Internet; http://wcsp.science.kew.org/. Accessed on 26 June 2020

  • Gros-Balthazard M (2013) Hybridization in the genus Phoenix: a review. Emir J Food Agr 25:831–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hampe A, El-Masri L, Petit RJ (2010) Origin of spatial genetic structure in an expanding oak population. Mol Ecol 19:459–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson A (1986) A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Bot Rev 52:221–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson SA, Billotte N, Pintaud JC (2006) Genetic isolation of Cape Verde Island Phoenix atlantica (Arecaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 7:213–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hort Sir A (1916) Theophrastus’ Enquiry into Plants and minor works on odours and weather signs bk. 6, cap. 37. With an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort. Heinemann, London

    Google Scholar 

  • IDE-Canarias (2018) Mapa de Palmeras Canarias. https://www.idecanarias.es/listado_servicios/mapa-palmeras-canarias. Accessed 30 July 2020

  • Khanam S, Sham A, Bennetzen JL, Aly MAM (2012) Analysis of molecular marker-based characterization and genetic variation in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). AJCS 6:1236–1244

    Google Scholar 

  • Listabarth C (1993) Insect-induced wind pollination of the palm Chamaedorea pinnatifrons and pollination in the related Wendlandiella sp. Biodivers Conserv 2:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludeña B, Chabrillange N, Aberlenc-Bertossi F, Adam H, Tregear JW, Pintaud JC (2011) Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear genes AGAMOUS 1 and PHYTOCHROME B in palms (Arecaceae): an example within Bactridinae. Ann Bot 108:1433–1444

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lüpnitz D, Kretschmar M (1994) Standortsökologische Untersuchungen an Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud (Arecaceae) auf Gran Canaria und Teneriffa (Kanarische Inselm). Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 4. Palmengarten, Frankfurt am Main, pp 21–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín Alemán N, de León Hernández AM, Rodríguez-Pérez JA (1999) Effect of salinity on germination of Phoenix canariensis and Sabal palmetto (Arecaceae). Acta Hort 486:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Rico M (2017) El género Phoenix en jardinería y paisajismo: el caso de Phoenix canariensis. PhD Thesis. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela

    Google Scholar 

  • Meekijjaroenroj A, Anstett MC (2003) A weevil pollinating the canary Island date palm: between parasitism and mutualism. Naturwissenschaften 90:452–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montesinos-Barrera J (1979) La Palmera Canaria. Aspectos botánicos y culturales, Aguayro

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, Rodríguez A, Alberto V, Machado C, Criado C (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd- 2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): An overview. Environ Archaeol 14:27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morales Padrón F (1993) Canarias. Crónicas de su conquista. Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

    Google Scholar 

  • Morici C (1998) Phoenix canariensis in the wild. Principes 42(2):85–89–92–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo J (2002) Los aprovechamientos forestales. In: Fernández-Palacios JM, Martín JL (eds) Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias: ecología y conservación, 2nd edn. Turquesa Ediciones, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, pp 269–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo A, Sosa PA, Márquez M (2009) 9370 Palmerales de Phoenix canariensis endémicos canarios. VVAA, Bases ecológicas preliminares para la conservación de los tipos de hábitat de interés comunitario en España. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehdi I, Omri S, Khalil MI, Al-Resayes SI (2010) Characteristics and chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix canariensis) seeds and seed oil. Ind Crops Prod 32(3):360–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nehdi IA, Zarrouk H, Al-Resayes SI (2011) Changes in chemical composition of Phoenix canariensis Hort Ex. Chabaud palm seed oil during the ripening process. Sci Hort 129(4):724–729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogales M, Hernández EC, Valdés F (1999) Seed dispersal by common ravens Corvus corvax among island habitats (Canarian Archipelago). Ecoscience 6:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noto G, Romano D (1987) Palms in the Urban Environment in the Southern Latitudes of Italy. In: Thoday PR, Robinson DW (eds) The Scientific Management of Vegetation in the Urban Environment. University of Bath, Bath, pp 91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Obón C, Rivera D, Alcaraz F, Carreño E, Ríos S, Laguna E et al (2018) What are palm groves of Phoenix? Conservation of Phoenix palm groves in the European Union. Biodivers Conserv 27:1905–1924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pintaud JC, Zehdi S, Couvreur T, Barrow S, Henderson S, Aberlenc-Bertossi F, et al (2010) Species delimitation in the genus Phoenix (Arecaceae) based on SSR markers, with emphasis on the identity of the Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In: Seberg O, Petersen G, Barford A, Davis J (eds) Diversity phylogeny, and evolution in the monocotyledons. Aarhus Univ Press, Aarhus, pp 267–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintaud JC, Ludeña B, Aberlenc- Bertossi F, Zehdi S, Gros-Balthazard M, Ivorra S et al (2013) Biogeography of the Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae): Insights on the Origin and on the Structure of Modern Diversity. Acta Hort 994:19–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas-Martínez S, Wildpret W, Del Arco M, Rodríguez O, Pérez de Paz PL, García-Gallo A, Acebes Ginovés JR, Díaz González TM, Fernández González F (1993) Las comunidades vegetales de la Isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias). Itinera Geobot 7:169–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Johnson D, Delgadillo J, Carrillo MH, Obón C, Krueger R, Alcaraz F, Ríos S, Carreño E (2013a) Historical evidence of the Spanish introduction of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae) into the Americas. Gen Res Crop Evol 60:1433–1452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Egea T, Carreño E, Laguna E, Santos A, Wildpret W (2013b) A review of the nomenclature and typification of the Canary Islands endemic palm, Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae). Taxon 62:1275–1282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Egea T, Carreño E, Laguna E, Saro I, Sosa P (2014a) The date palm with blue dates Phoenix senegalensis André (Arecaceae): a horticultural enigma is solved. Sci Hortic 180:236–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón C, García J, Egea T, Alcaraz F, Laguna E, Carreño E, Johnson D, Krueger R, Delgadillo J, Ríos S (2014b) Carpological analysis of Phoenix (Arecaceae): contributions to the taxonomy and evolutionary history of the genus. Bot J Linn Soc 175:74–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Egea T, Martínez-Rico M, Carreño E, Laguna E, Johnson D, Saro I, Sosa P, Naranjo A, Salomone F, Perez de Paz PL (2019) Nomenclature and typification of Phoenix senegalensis and Fulchironia senegalensis (Arecaceae). Taxon 68:370–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Abellán J, Palazón JA, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Carreño E, Laguna E, Ruiz A, Johnson D (2020) Modelling ancient areas for date palms (Phoenix species: Arecaceae): Bayesian analysis of biological and cultural evidence. Bot J Linn Soc 193:228–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez Toledo JM, Santana Santana A, Moreno Medina C (1999) The present distribution of the communities of palm groves in Gran Canaria. Acta Hort 486:107–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau M, Monfort S, Ferry M (1999) In vitro vegetative propagation of the Canary Island palm (Phoenix canariensis). Acta Hort 486:155–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruxton GD, Schaefer HM (2012) The conservation physiology of seed dispersal. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 367(1596):708–1718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saro I, González-Pérez MA (2012) Fenología y Sistema de Polinización de la palmera canaria (Phoenix canariensis). Memoria Beca Simón Benítez Padilla 2010. Cabildo de Gran canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

    Google Scholar 

  • Saro I, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, González-Pérez MA, Sosa PA (2014) Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of the Canarian endemic palm (Phoenix canariensis). Heredity 113:215–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saro I, González-Pérez MA, García-Verdugo C, Sosa PA (2015) Patterns of genetic diversity in Phoenix canariensis, a widespread oceanic palm (species) endemic from the Canarian archipelago. Tree Genet Genom 11:815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saro I, García-Verdugo C, González-Pérez MA, Naranjo A, Santana A, Sosa PA (2019) Genetic structure of the Canarian palm tree (Phoenix canariensis) at 1 the island scale: does the “island within islands” concept apply to species with high colonization abilities? Plant Biol 21:101–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares-Pimenta R, da Luz PB, Pivetta KFL, Castro AD, Pizetta PUC (2010) Effect of maturation stage and temperature on germination of Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud (Arecaceae) seeds. Árvore 34:31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sosa PA, Bouza N, Cabrera-Pérez MA, Luque A (1998) Genetic variation in Phoenix canariensis and P. dactylifera (Arecaceae) populations of Gran Canaria using isozyme electrophoresis. Bol Mus Mun Funchal 5:443–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa PA, Naranjo A, Márquez M, Escandell A, González-Pérez MA (2007) Atlas de los palmerales de Gran Canaria. Obra Social de La Caja de Canarias, Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa PA, Saro I, Gil J, Obón C, Alcaraz FJ, Rivera D (2018) Biología, distribución y genética de la palmera canaria. Quercus 387:45–52. Available at www.revistaquercus.es

  • Spennemann DHR (2018a) Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis) in Australia: introduction and early dispersal. Palms 62:185–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Spennemann DHR (2018b) Observations on the consumption and dispersal of Phoenix canariensis drupes by the Grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). Eur J Ecol 4:41–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spennemann DHR (2019a) Examples of epiphytic growth of Canary Islands date palms on elm trees in Albury, NSW. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury

    Google Scholar 

  • Spennemann DHR (2019b) The connective potential of vertebrate vectors responsible for the dispersal of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). Flora 259:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spennemann DHR, Pike M (2019) Rites of passage: Germination of vertebrate dispersed, regurgitated or defecated Phoenix canariensis seeds. Proc Linnean Soc NSW 141:49–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl NW, Moore HE (1977) Correlations of inflorescence, flower structure, and floral anatomy with pollination in some palms. Biotropica 9:170–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valido A (1999) Ecología de la dispersión de semillas por los lagartos endémicos canarios (g. Gallotia, Lacertidae). Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna

    Google Scholar 

  • WCSP (2020) World checklist of selected plant families. WCSP, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, Arias-Jimenez EJ (1999) Date palm cultivation (No 156). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Zango O, Cherif E, Chabrillange N, Zehdi-Azouzi S, Gros-Balthazard M, Naqvi SA et al (2017) Genetic diversity of Southeastern Nigerien date palms reveals a secondary structure within Western populations. Tree Genet Genom 13(4):75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zehdi-Azouzi S, Cherif E, Moussouni S, Gros-Balthazard M, Abbas Naqvi S, Ludeña B et al (2015) Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations. Ann Bot 116:101–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zona S (2008) The horticultural history of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). Garden History 36:301–308

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We want to thank all those people who in one way or another have collaborated in the realization of the different works that have allowed writing this article. Especially to Agustín Naranjo (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Miguel Angel González (Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo), Marco Márquez (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Priscila Rodríguez and Leticia Curbelo (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Francesco Salomone (City Council of La Laguna), Marco Díaz-Bertrana, Magui Olanga (Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo) and Pedro Luis Pérez de Paz (University of La Laguna). This article has been possible thanks to the Fundación Cajacanarias which partially funded this research. Award Funding: 2018PATRI33. Thanks also to the Consejería de Emergencias y Medio Ambiente. Cabildo de Gran Canaria.

Funding

Part of this research was supported by Fundación Cajacanarias. Award Number: 2018 PATRI33. Recipient: Dr. Pedro A. Sosa.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain

    Pedro A. Sosa & Isabel Saro

  2. 3726 Middlebrook Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45208, USA

    Dennis Johnson

  3. Departamento Biología Aplicada, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra. De Beniel km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain

    Concepción Obón

  4. Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Francisco Alcaraz & Diego Rivera

Authors
  1. Pedro A. Sosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Isabel Saro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dennis Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Concepción Obón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francisco Alcaraz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Diego Rivera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Not applicable. It is a review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro A. Sosa.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Consent to participate

All the authors have consented to participate.

Consent for publication

All the authors have consented to publish.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sosa, P.A., Saro, I., Johnson, D. et al. Biodiversity and conservation of Phoenix canariensis: a review. Biodivers Conserv 30, 275–293 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02096-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02096-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation